Table 4.

Adjusted^* odds ratios for adverse medical and financial outcomes among unhelmeted motorcycle and moped riders in Hawai‘i, by vehicle type, 2007–2009 (95% confidence interval given in parenthesis)

Adverse outcome	Moped riders	Motorcyclists	Total
Final disposition
Hospital admission or death	1.3 (0.8–2.1)	1.5 (1.2–2.0)	1.5 (1.2–1.9)
Death	1.0 (0.2–18.4)	2.9 (1.5–5.7)	2.8 (1.6–5.4)
Injury-related diagnoses
TBI, any diagnosis	1.8 (1.1–3.1)	2.8 (2.1–3.6)	2.5 (2.0–3.2)
Skull fracture, any diagnosis	1.9 (0.9–4.7)	5.7 (3.5–9.8)	4.5 (2.9–7.1)
Head injury, any diagnosis	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	3.9 (3.0–5.1)	3.2 (2.5–4.0)
Total charges and principal source of payment
Charges of $25,000 or more	1.6 (0.9–3.1)	1.5 (1.1–2.0)	1.5 (1.2–1.9)
Charges of $25,000 or more, and income qualifying or self-pay	2.1 (0.7–8.6)	2.4 (1.5–4.0)	2.4 (1.5–3.8)
Income qualifying payer	3.0 (1.3–8.6)	3.1 (2.0–5.1)	3.0 (2.0–4.6)
Self-pay	1.3 (0.8–2.3)	2.1 (1.5–3.1)	1.9 (1.4–2.6)
Income qualifying or self-pay	1.9 (1.2–3.1)	2.8 (2.1–3.9)	2.5 (1.9–3.3)

^*All models adjusted for rider age and gender. Models for the total sample additionally adjusted for rider type (motorcyclist or moped rider). Helmeted riders served as the reference group with an odds ratio set to 1.0.