Table 3.
Factors associated with PIM use
| No PIM | PIM | OR | Bootstrap | z | p | 95% CI | ||
| n = 244 | n = 90 | Std. Err. | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 80.1 (5.62) | 79.2 (5.31) | 0.96 | 0.025 | –1.54 | 0.125 | 0.91 | 1.01 |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 135 (55.3) | 59 (65.6) | 1.97 | 0.718 | 1.87 | 0.062 | 0.966 | 4.03 |
| Living situation (living alone), n (%) | 119 (48.8) | 47 (52.2) | 1.10 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.791 | 0.55 | 2.19 |
| Cognitive impairment (MMSE), mean (SD) | 22.4 (5.05) | 23.5 (4.18) | 1.01 | 0.033 | 0.40 | 0.689 | 0.95 | 1.08 |
| Functional status (B-ADL), mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.33) | 3.3 (2.27) | 1.00 | 0.086 | 0.03 | 0.972 | 0.85 | 1.19 |
| Depression (GDS), n (%) | 34 (70.8) | 14 (29.2) | 1.15 | 0.506 | 0.31 | 0.759 | 0.48 | 2.72 |
| Number of drugs, mean (SD) | 7.0 (3.50) | 8.3 (3.15) | 1.11 | 0.060 | 2.02 | 0.043 | 1.00 | 1.24 |
| Dementia diagnosis, n (%) | 102 (41.8) | 23 (25.6) | 0.58 | 0.237 | –1.33 | 0.183 | 0.26 | 1.29 |
Multivariate conditional fixed-effects logistic regression analysis (n = 334 patients assigned to n = 44 clusters): Wald chi2(8) = 11.08, p = 0.1971. Data presented as mean±standard deviation or n (%). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination (range 0–30; higher score indicates better cognitive functioning); B-ADL, Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale (range 0–10; lower score indicates better performance); GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale (sum score 0–15; score ≥6 indicates depression). Bold p-values indicate p < 0.05.