. 2016 Oct 19;53(10):3770–3777. doi: 10.1007/s13197-016-2363-0

Table 1.

Chemical composition (% relative area percentage) of the nutmeg oleoresin obtained by maceration and ultrasonic assisted extraction techniques

Compounds	RI^a	Techniques^b
Compounds	RI^a	1	2	3	4	5
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons
α-Thujene	938	1.79	1.38	1.08	0.99	1.27
α-Pinene	939	9.64	7.87	7.21	6.03	5.9
Camphene	953	0.19	0.17	nd	0.12	0.14
Sabinene	972	17.22	16.38	18.81	15.65	20.39
β-Pinene	981	6.43	4.93	6.42	3.05	2.98
β-Myrcene	992	2.43	2.06	1.91	1.6	2.09
L-Phellandrene	1007	0.6	0.53	0.44	0.33	0.53
Δ³-Carene	1009	1.06	0.93	0.8	0.39	1
α-Terpinene	1012	1.58	1.08	0.88	0.83	0.94
ρ-Cymene	1027	1.2	0.75	0.73	0.54	0.9
Limonene	1030	4.93	4.23	4.01	3.44	4.49
γ -Terpinene	1074	2.52	1.86	1.63	1.44	1.58
(E)-Sabinene hydrate	1073	1.34	1.08	1.36	0.84	1.13
α-Terpinolene	1081	1.21	1.03	0.94	0.59	0.98
(Z)-trans Sabinene hydrate	1110	1.37	1.04	1.27	0.79	1.03
Oxides
1,8-Cineole	1035	0.21	nd	nd	nd	0.17
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons
α-Copaene	1377	0.56	1.02	1.04	nd	0.53
Trans-β-Caryophyllene	1415	0.25	0.25	nd	0.06	0.08
Trans-α-Bergamotene	1431	0.3	nd	nd	0.07	0.17
β-Sesquiphellandrene	1560	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.08
Germacrene-D	1487	0.52	0.96	0.93	0.37	0.44
Bicyclogermacrene	1496	0.15	0.26	nd	0.1	0.16
β-Bisabolene	1498	0.15	0.2	nd	0.07	0.18
Aromatics
Safrole	1280	2.82	1.98	2.14	0.83	1
Eugenol	1364	0.46	0.33	0.36	0.1	0.13
Methyl eugenol	1407	0.83	1.41	1.63	0.85	0.68
Chavibetol (trans-isoeugenol)	1447	0.95	0.63	nd	0.3	0.38
Methyl isoeugenol	1454	0.33	0.26	nd	0.42	0.37
Myristicin	1532	10.25	6.23	7.21	3.24	3.42
Elemicin	1551	5.7	9.53	11.53	7.06	6.28
Methoxyeugenol	1558	1.4	0.97	0.43	0.36	0.46
Trans-isoelemicin	1570	0.43	0.41	0.47	1.34	1.03
Monoterpene Alcohols
Linalool	1100	0.25	0.18	nd	0.15	0.19
ρ-Menth-2-en-1-ol	1124	0.21	0.18	nd	0.15	0.15
Cis ρ-2- menthen-1-ol	1142	0.45	nd	nd	0.1	0.1
Terpinen-4-ol	1175	3.21	2.8	3.52	2.97	2.9
α-Terpineol	1195	0.49	0.36	0.46	0.26	0.34
Piperitol isomer	1207	nd	nd	nd	0.07	nd
Geranyl linalool isomer	2198	0.24	0.24	1.17	nd	0.33
Sesquiterpene Alcohols
Guaiol	1599	0.13	0.24	nd	0.15	nd
Esters
Trans-Sabinene hydrate acetate	1180	0.12	nd	nd	0.18	0.18
Cis-Sabinene hydrate acetate	1184	0.19	nd	0.37	0.11	0.14
Endobornyl acetate	1285	0.13	nd	3	nd	0.11
α-Terpinyl acetate	1353	0.38	0.49	0.54	0.22	0.27
Citronellyl acetate	1358	0.17	0.2	nd	0.08	–
Neryl acetate	1381	0.3	0.37	0.69	0.15	0.21
Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester	1796	0.37	nd	nd	0.06	0.08
9-Octadecenoic acid, ethyl ester	2193	0.38	0.5	0.47	0.9	0.75
Ketones
α-Ionone	1437	nd	0.8	nd	0.16	nd
Acids
Dodecanoic acid	1595	0.44	0.69	nd	0.39	0.49
Myristic acid	1767	8.13	13.02	7.29	19.38	17.48
Pentadecanoic acid	1857	0.95	1.29	0.64	9.82	6.48
Oleic acid	2173	1.08	1.64	1.18	3.33	3.28
Total identified compounds (%)		96.44	92.76	92.56	90.43	94.39
Total monoterpene hydrocarbons (%)		53.51	45.32	47.49	36.63	45.35
Total oxygenated compounds (%)		41	44.75	43.10	53.13	47.4
Extraction time (min)		4320	10	25	10	25
β-pinene/(Myristicin + Safrole)		0.49	0.60	0.69	0.75	0.67
Oleoresin yield (%)^c		9.63 ± 0.01^a	4.55 ± 0.01^e	5.15 ± 0.03^d	8.26 ± 0.01^b	7.98 ± 0.01^c

nd not detected

^aRetention indices using a RTX-5 column and n-alkanes (C₉–C₂₂) as references

^bExtraction techniques: (1) Maceration, (2) Ultrasound assisted extraction at 20 % of the maximal power for 10 min, (3) Ultrasound assisted extraction at 20 % of the maximal power for 25 min, (4) Ultrasound assisted extraction at 40 % of the maximal power for 10 min, (5) Ultrasound assisted extraction at 40 % of the maximal power for 25 min

^cMean values ± SD of triplicates followed by different superscript letters are different at P < 0.05 according to Duncan’s test