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. 2016 Dec;23:235–245. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2016.10.002

Table 1.

Summary statistics: Improvements in height, sanitation, and living standards.

2005 2010 t-statistic 2005 = 2010
height-for-age z-score −1.77 −1.64 2.66
0.0355 0.0335
open defecation in child’s locality 0.737 0.595 −6.56
0.0158 0.0163
household open defecation 0.772 0.627 −6.03
0.0164 0.0184
mom’s height 152.6 152.8 0.91
0.130 0.144
mom’s BMI 20.8 21.0 1.39
0.0716 0.0722
mom’s age at birth 27.5 26.5 −4.21
0.172 0.152
non-institutional delivery 0.781 0.464 −14.19
0.0148 0.0169
urban locality 0.140 0.157 0.84
0.0167 0.0165
consumption 3756 5148 12.51
81.2 77.9
density 143 167 1.34
11.3 13.9
household electrification 0.180 0.287 4.15
0.0173 0.0207
household radio ownership 0.437 0.384 −2.70
0.0144 0.0136
household TV ownership 0.494 0.581 3.75
0.0170 0.0168
household refrigerator ownership 0.0196 0.0466 3.38
0.00453 0.00699
household bicycle ownership 0.6197 0.5874 −1.51
0.0141 0.0156
household motorcycle ownership 0.350 0.555 9.30
0.0160 0.0152
household car ownership 0.0371 0.0637 2.92
0.0056 0.0075
mom’s literacy 0.463 0.457 −0.27
0.0157 0.0161
father’s years of education 5.11 5.80 3.61
0.142 0.136
breastfeeding initiated immediately 0.345 0.613 12.27
0.0148 0.0153
n (children under 5) 3587 3699

Table presents sample means. Standard errors clustered by survey primary sampling unit below.