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. 2016 Dec;23:235–245. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2016.10.002

Table 3.

Externalities: community-level open defecation matters for households with and without toilets.

(1)a (2) (3)
specification same as Table 2, Panel (b), Column 5
sample includes children in households all without toilets with toilets
open defecation in child’s locality −0.350*** −0.348* −0.557***
(0.120) (0.182) (0.201)



n (children under 5) 6389 4425 1964

Standard errors clustered by survey primary sampling unit in parentheses. Two-sided p-values: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. All specifications include 120 age-in-month dummies, separately for boys and girls.

a

This is the same model as Table 2, Panel (b), Column 5. Coefficient is repeated for comparison purposes.