Table 6.
Child height and NDVI before and after birth by sex and use of food markets.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Both sexes | Both sexes | Males | Males | Females | Females | |
| low-market use | high-market use | low-market use | high-market use | low-market use | high-market use | |
| First trimester | 0.054 | −0.292 | −0.170 | −0.231 | 0.151 | −0.337 |
| (0.33) | (0.31) | (0.55) | (0.53) | (0.25) | (0.41) | |
| Second trimester | 0.411* | 0.399 | 1.346*** | 0.416 | −0.610 | 0.395 |
| (0.22) | (0.39) | (0.14) | (0.54) | (0.45) | (0.54) | |
| Third trimester | 0.178 | 0.446 | 0.420 | 0.314 | −0.073 | 0.381 |
| (0.36) | (0.60) | (0.61) | (0.56) | (0.23) | (0.86) | |
| 0–2 months of age | −0.211 | −0.520 | 0.137 | −0.353 | −0.650* | −0.571 |
| (0.25) | (0.34) | (0.23) | (0.46) | (0.34) | (0.49) | |
| 3–5 months of age | −0.379 | 0.048 | −0.231 | −0.073 | −0.485 | 0.178 |
| (0.42) | (0.29) | (0.50) | (0.54) | (0.38) | (0.44) | |
| 6–8 months of age | −0.468** | −0.254 | −1.088*** | 0.254 | 0.260 | −0.801*** |
| (0.22) | (0.34) | (0.28) | (0.54) | (0.48) | (0.29) | |
| 9–11 months of age | −0.406 | −0.097 | −0.501 | −0.105 | −0.292 | −0.041 |
| (0.31) | (0.54) | (0.60) | (0.65) | (0.27) | (0.74) | |
| Female sex | −0.009 | −0.035 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| (0.07) | (0.04) | |||||
| Age (in months) | −0.069*** | −0.067*** | −0.068*** | −0.057*** | −0.074*** | −0.084*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Age squared (in months) | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Number of siblings ever born | −0.078*** | −0.058*** | −0.081*** | −0.059* | −0.071*** | −0.057*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
| Maternal age (log) | 0.495*** | 0.284** | 0.612*** | 0.355 | 0.423* | 0.238 |
| (0.16) | (0.12) | (0.18) | (0.25) | (0.23) | (0.24) | |
| Maternal primary education | 0.076 | 0.036 | 0.190*** | 0.014 | 0.024 | 0.066 |
| (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.09) | |
| Maternal secondary education | 0.257*** | 0.335*** | 0.307*** | 0.363*** | 0.238*** | 0.320*** |
| (0.06) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.12) | (0.07) | (0.11) | |
| Maternal tertiary education | 0.753*** | 0.620*** | 0.904*** | 0.454*** | 0.602*** | 0.827*** |
| (0.06) | (0.14) | (0.17) | (0.13) | (0.12) | (0.18) | |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 0.036** | 0.044*** | 0.041** | 0.050*** | 0.033** | 0.038*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.01) | |
| Wealth Quintile | 0.112*** | 0.104*** | 0.088*** | 0.124*** | 0.141*** | 0.089*** |
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.02) | |
| Altitude (log) | −0.298*** | −0.190* | −0.384*** | −0.188 | −0.172 | −0.189 |
| (0.08) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.14) | (0.11) | (0.12) | |
| 2011 DHS observation | 0.038 | 0.146** | −0.069 | 0.190* | 0.159* | 0.094 |
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.10) | (0.08) | (0.09) | |
| Hill | −0.280 | 0.311* | 0.070 | −0.186 | −0.561*** | 0.735*** |
| (.) | (0.16) | (.) | (0.22) | (0.09) | (0.18) | |
| Terai | −0.565*** | 0.376*** | −0.636*** | −0.021 | −0.438 | 0.704 |
| (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.13) | (0.32) | (0.30) | (.) | |
| Urban location | 0.092 | −0.026 | 0.181 | −0.066 | 0.036 | −0.004 |
| (0.15) | (0.05) | (0.14) | (0.08) | (0.16) | (0.06) | |
| Constant | −0.762 | −1.881** | −1.188 | −2.452** | −0.749 | −1.198 |
| (0.74) | (0.81) | (0.89) | (1.19) | (1.19) | (0.93) | |
| Observations (n) | 3064 | 3063 | 1561 | 1568 | 1503 | 1495 |
| R-squared | 0.180 | 0.197 | 0.212 | 0.209 | 0.209 | 0.228 |
Note: Unit of observation = individual child aged 12–59 months. Robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the birth year and district levels. All regressions include fixed effects for district (n = 75). Omitted month is January and omitted region is Mountains; standard error for Hill and Terai districts is not estimated for some regressions due to multicollinearity. 2011 DHS observation = 1 if the DHS survey was conducted in 2011. Rows 1–7 show NDVI in each trimester of pregnancy and three-month period of the child’s first year, scaled to show difference in HAZ score per 1000-point difference in NDVI. BMI = body mass index; DHS = Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys; n.a. = not applicable; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.