Table 2. Mean test scores (SD) and effect sizes for group differences (absolute values).
| Test scores | Effect sizes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy control group | Patient group before training (T-pre) | Patient group after training (T-post) | patient group T-pre vs. healthy control group | patient group T-pre vs. T-post | patient group T-post vs. healthy control group | ||||
| n | mean (SD) | n | mean (SD) | n | mean (SD) | ||||
| Tests for visual functions | |||||||||
| Visual acuity right eye | - | 45 | 0.94 (0.27) | 45 | 0.93 (0.26) | - | 0.04 | - | |
| Visual acuity left eye | - | 45 | 0.97 (0.25) | 45 | 0.96 (0.24) | - | 0.05 | - | |
| Peak contrast sensitivity | - | 45 | 1.93 (0.16) | 45 | 1.94 (0.15) | - | 0.08 | - | |
| Functional Field Score | - | 45 | 59.83 (9.14) | 45 | 59.40 (9.01) | - | 0.08 | - | |
| Reading tests | |||||||||
| Radner average reading speed (wpm) | - | 43 | 151.4 (32.56) | 43 | 156.2 (35.94) | - | 0.23 | - | |
| Minimal readable text size (LogRad) | - | 43 | 0.07 (0.14) | 43 | 0.08 (0.11) | - | 0.17 | - | |
| Text reading speed (wpm) | - | 42 | 134.7 (28.58) | 42 | 135.6 (28.59) | - | 0.05 | - | |
| Text correct answers | - | 43 | 1.51 (0.59) | 43 | 1.67 (0.47) | - | 0.22 | - | |
| Basic scanning tests | |||||||||
| Dot counting test | |||||||||
| Reaction times (ms) | |||||||||
| All trials | 25 | 6631 (1496) | 40 | 8634 (3255) a | 40 | 8132 (3242) a | 0.74 | 0.17 | 0.55 |
| Few dots | 25 | 3214 (818) | 40 | 4832 (1870) a | 40 | 4576 (1837) a | 1.04 | 0.16 | 0.89 |
| Many dots | 25 | 10048 (2347) | 40 | 12427 (5071) a | 40 | 11700 (5120) | 0.56 | 0.16 | 0.39 |
| Proportion correct answers | |||||||||
| All trials | 25 | 0.84 (0.12) | 40 | 0.74 (0.20) a | 40 | 0.75 (0.18) a | 0.60 | 0.13 | 0.54 |
| Few dots | 25 | 0.96 (0.07) | 40 | 0.91 (0.18) | 40 | 0.92 (0.17) | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.31 |
| Many dots | 25 | 0.72 (0.21) | 40 | 0.56 (0.28) a | 40 | 0.59 (0.27) | 0.62 | 0.14 | 0.51 |
| Parallel search test | |||||||||
| Reaction times (ms) | |||||||||
| All trials | 25 | 1196 (367) | 40 | 2264 (687) a | 40 | 2142 (720) a | 1.82 | 0.17 | 1.55 |
| Target present | 25 | 996 (260) | 40 | 1477 (481) a | 40 | 1382 (397) a | 1.17 | 0.22 | 1.10 |
| Target absent | 25 | 1396 (504) | 40 | 3049 (936) a | 40 | 2904 (1091) a | 2.07 | 0.13 | 1.65 |
| Accuracy | |||||||||
| Total number of errors | 25 | 0.48 (0.77) | 39 | 0.64 (1.33) | 39 | 0.49 (0.79) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.01 |
| Number of omissions | 25 | 0.32 (0.63) | 39 | 0.44 (1.23) | 39 | 0.36 (0.74) | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.06 |
| Serial search test | |||||||||
| Reaction times (ms) | |||||||||
| All trials | 25 | 3498 (1337) | 40 | 5443 (1982) a | 40 | 5177 (1733) a | 1.10 | 0.18 | 1.05 |
| Target present | 25 | 2600 (1321) | 40 | 3750 (1588) a | 40 | 3634 (1309) a | 0.77 | 0.11 | 0.79 |
| Target absent | 25 | 4395 (1474) | 40 | 7136 (2625) a | 40 | 6721 (2343) a | 1.21 | 0.20 | 1.13 |
| Accuracy | |||||||||
| Total number of errors | 25 | 0.84 (1.38) | 40 | 1.23 (1.63) | 40 | 1.70 (1.91) | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.50 |
| Number of omissions | 25 | 0.76 (1.39) | 40 | 1.10 (1.41) | 40 | 1.48 (1.77) | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.44 |
| Hazard perception test | |||||||||
| Absolute error rate | 24 | 8.50 (2.21) | 36 | 9.36 (2.79) | 36 | 8.83 (2.54) | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.14 |
| Adapted error rate | 24 | 9.21 (2.89) | 36 | 10.50 (3.48) | 36 | 9.64 (2.94) | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.15 |
| Risk-index | 24 | 0.76 (0.18) | 36 | 0.72 (0.17) | 36 | 0.75 (0.16) | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
| Tracking Task | |||||||||
| Dual task condition | |||||||||
| Reaction times (ms) | |||||||||
| All stimuli (TT-RT-all) | 25 | 943 (147) | 41 | 1219 (266) a | 41 | 1135 (231) a,b | 1.21 | 0.36 | 0.94 |
| Stimuli blind side | - | 41 | 1530 (505) | 41 | 1332 (338) b | - | 0.48 | - | |
| Stimuli seeing side | - | 41 | 1047 (204) | 41 | 1015 (237) | - | 0.18 | - | |
| Stimuli blind side—stimuli seeing side | - | 41 | 483 (399) | 41 | 318 (309) b | - | 0.44 | - | |
| Accuracy | |||||||||
| Number of faulty responses | 25 | 0.84 (1.07) | 42 | 0.71 (0.97) | 42 | 0.86 (0.93) | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.02 |
| Number of omissions | 25 | 0.04 (0.20) | 42 | 0.45 (1.31) | 42 | 0.10 (0.37) b | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.19 |
| Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP) | 25 | 46.1 (6.50) | 40 | 48.2 (10.72) | 40 | 49.4 (10.49) | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.35 |
| Mean reaction time dual task divided by mean reaction time single task (dual-to-single-task-ratio, DSR) | |||||||||
| All stimuli (DSR-all) | 25 | 1.00 (0.11) | 40 | 1.25 (0.22) a | 40 | 1.14 (0.21) a,b | 1.35 | 0.48 | 0.79 |
| Stimuli blind side | - | 40 | 1.56 (0.53) | 40 | 1.30 (0.41) b | - | 0.42 | - | |
| Stimuli seeing side | - | 40 | 1.07 (0.19) | 40 | 1.07 (0.19) | - | 0.02 | - | |
| Obstacle course | |||||||||
| Digit Score | 25 | 0.79 (0.24) | 43 | 0.64 (0.30) a | 43 | 0.68 (0.30) | 0.56 | 0.21 | 0.42 |
| Number of contacts | 25 | 0.48 (0.65) | 43 | 1.74 (1.79) a | 43 | 0.74 (1.03) b | 0.85 | 0.68 | 0.29 |
| PPWS | 25 | 58.0 (7.88) | 43 | 48.1 (10.32) a | 43 | 50.6 (9.39) a,b | 1.04 | 0.34 | 0.84 |
| Questionnaires | |||||||||
| NEI-VFQ-25 total score | - | 45 | 64.38 (14.00) | 45 | 71.03 (11.40) b | - | 0.59 | - | |
| IMQ total score | - | 45 | 2.52 (0.71) | 45 | 2.08 (0.51) b | - | 0.75 | - | |
| CVD total score | - | 45 | 0.46 (0.16) | 45 | 0.36 (0.13) b | - | 0.58 | - | |
(a) significant difference between patient group and healthy control group (independent sample t-Test. two-sided P-value < .05).
(b) significant difference between T-pre and T-post within patient group (matched pairs t-Test. two-sided P-value < .05).