| Patient Demographics |
|
|
|
|
| Age, Mean (SD) |
61.27 (17.18) |
65.27 (15.57) |
60.53 (17.36) |
<0.001 |
| Gender, Male (%) |
38641 (52.1%) |
6374 (55.5%) |
32267 (51.5%) |
<0.001 |
| Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
| Chinese (%) |
54162 (73.1%) |
8667 (75.4%) |
45495 (72.7%) |
<0.001 |
| Indian (%) |
7184 (9.7%) |
1091 (9.5%) |
6093 (9.7%) |
0.438 |
| Malay (%) |
9200 (12.4%) |
1387 (12.1%) |
7813 (12.5%) |
0.227 |
| Others (%) |
3556 (4.8%) |
347 (3%) |
3209 (5.1%) |
<0.001 |
| Required financial assistance using Medifund (%) |
1907 (2.6%) |
636 (5.5%) |
1271 (2%) |
<0.001 |
| Past Healthcare Utilization |
|
|
|
|
| ED visits (6 month before index admission), Mean (SD) |
1.02 (2.25) |
2.48 (4.24) |
0.75 (1.49) |
<0.001 |
| Specialist Clinic visits (1 year before index admission), Mean (SD) |
3.93 (9.19) |
6.93 (15.24) |
3.37 (7.43) |
<0.001 |
| Hospital admissions (1 year before index admission), Mean (SD) |
1.58 (3.14) |
4.01 (5.88) |
1.13 (2.02) |
<0.001 |
| Index Admission Variables |
|
|
|
|
| Index admission was urgent (%) |
57017 (76.9%) |
9763 (85%) |
47254 (75.5%) |
<0.001 |
| Index admission was planned (%) |
13471 (18.2%) |
1325 (11.5%) |
12146 (19.4%) |
<0.001 |
| Stayed in a subsidized ward during index admission (%) |
60463 (81.6%) |
10286 (89.5%) |
50177 (80.1%) |
<0.001 |
| Required second line antibiotics during index admission (%) |
5312 (7.2%) |
826 (7.2%) |
4486 (7.2%) |
0.947 |
| Required inpatient dialysis during index admission (%) |
4861 (6.6%) |
1233 (10.7%) |
3628 (5.8%) |
<0.001 |
| Required intravenous Furosemide 40mg and above during index admission (%) |
5826 (7.9%) |
1268 (11%) |
4558 (7.3%) |
<0.001 |
| Required isolation during index admission (%) |
1422 (1.9%) |
300 (2.6%) |
1122 (1.8%) |
<0.001 |
| Length of stay of index admission, Mean (SD) |
6.09 (10.37) |
5.29 (5.38) |
6.23 (11.04) |
<0.001 |
| Medical Comorbidities (ICD codes past 7 years) |
|
|
|
|
| Depression (%) |
11554 (15.6%) |
3396 (29.6%) |
8158 (13%) |
<0.001 |
| Stroke (%) |
955 (1.3%) |
146 (1.3%) |
809 (1.3%) |
0.885 |
| Metastatic Disease (%) |
7543 (10.2%) |
1244 (10.8%) |
6299 (10.1%) |
0.013 |
| Non-metastatic malignancy (%) |
11810 (15.9%) |
1895 (16.5%) |
9915 (15.8%) |
0.081 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (%) |
2484 (3.4%) |
416 (3.6%) |
2068 (3.3%) |
0.088 |
| Heart Failure or Fluid Overload (%) |
7864 (10.6%) |
1236 (10.8%) |
6628 (10.6%) |
0.6 |
| Pressure Ulcer (%) |
1907 (2.6%) |
312 (2.7%) |
1595 (2.5%) |
0.313 |
| Thromboembolism (%) |
3896 (5.3%) |
628 (5.5%) |
3268 (5.2%) |
0.29 |
| Spine Fracture (%) |
1718 (2.3%) |
298 (2.6%) |
1420 (2.3%) |
0.036 |
| Coronary Heart Disease or Myocardial Infarction (%) |
8922 (12%) |
1454 (12.7%) |
7468 (11.9%) |
0.029 |
| Hip Fracture (%) |
1199 (1.6%) |
185 (1.6%) |
1014 (1.6%) |
0.971 |
| Atrial Fibrillation (%) |
4378 (5.9%) |
675 (5.9%) |
3703 (5.9%) |
0.882 |
| Epilepsy (%) |
788 (1.1%) |
131 (1.1%) |
657 (1%) |
0.412 |
| Parkinsonism (%) |
840 (1.1%) |
123 (1.1%) |
717 (1.1%) |
0.516 |
| Anxiety (%) |
734 (1%) |
132 (1.1%) |
602 (1%) |
0.07 |
| Bipolar Disorder (%) |
178 (0.2%) |
33 (0.3%) |
145 (0.2%) |
0.31 |
| Collagen Vascular Disease (%) |
1152 (1.6%) |
179 (1.6%) |
973 (1.6%) |
1 |
| Dementia (%) |
1840 (2.5%) |
256 (2.2%) |
1584 (2.5%) |
0.06 |
| Hypothyroidism (%) |
1323 (1.8%) |
216 (1.9%) |
1107 (1.8%) |
0.429 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease, Stages 1–4 (%) |
11266 (15.2%) |
1804 (15.7%) |
9462 (15.1%) |
0.111 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (%) |
1589 (2.1%) |
248 (2.2%) |
1341 (2.1%) |
0.94 |
| Osteoarthritis (%) |
4947 (6.7%) |
821 (7.1%) |
4126 (6.6%) |
0.03 |
| Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (%) |
2651 (3.6%) |
382 (3.3%) |
2269 (3.6%) |
0.118 |
| Asthma (%) |
2186 (2.9%) |
321 (2.8%) |
1865 (3%) |
0.294 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) |
17722 (23.9%) |
2851 (24.8%) |
14871 (23.8%) |
0.015 |
| Hypertension (%) |
24835 (33.5%) |
3925 (34.2%) |
20910 (33.4%) |
0.117 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5 or End Stage Renal Failure (%) |
8866(12%) |
1441(12.5%) |
7425 (11.9%) |
0.04 |
| Diabetes (%) |
16201 (21.9%) |
2614 (22.7%) |
13587 (21.7%) |
0.013 |
| History of Alcoholism (%) |
1372 (1.9%) |
316 (2.7%) |
1056 (1.7%) |
<0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, Mean (SD) |
2.27 (2.85) |
3.83 (3.15) |
1.98 (2.69) |
<0.001 |
