Fig 1. Effect of M. alternifolia essential oil fumigation at different concentrations on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (A), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (C), and carboxylesterase (CarE) (E), and at different times with sub-lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of oil (6.78 mg/L at 24 h) on AChE (B), GST (D), and CarE (F) in adult S. zeamais in vivo.

CK represents the control groups. Results are reported as mean ± SE (calculated from three independent experiments). Different minor case letters at the top of the columns mean significant differences of essential oil at a p value of 0.05.