Table 1. Characteristics of Men and Women According to Development of Metabolic Syndrome.
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident metabolic syndrome [n (%)] | Incident metabolic syndrome [n (%)] | |||||
| No | Yes | P- value | No | Yes | P-value | |
| 5195 (75.4) | 1695 (24.6) | 3979 (84.2) | 744 (15.8) | |||
| Age (years) | 52.0 ± 8.5 | 52.1 ± 8.1 | 0.521 | 48.8 ± 7.2 | 52.6 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.5 ± 6.0 | 89.1 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 | 73.0 (69.0−77.0) | 78.0 (75.0−83.0) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.55 ± 2.17 | 25.07 ± 2.09 | < 0.001 | 21.73 ± 2.27 | 23.79 ± 2.54 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 1302 (25.1) | 535 (31.6) | <0.001 | 71 (1.8) | 9 (1.2) | 0.088 |
| Never-smoker [n (%)] | 1484 (28.6) | 379 (22.4) | 3776 (94.9) | 720 (96.8) | ||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 110.0 (101.0−120.0) | 114.0 (105.0−124.0) | < 0.001 | 106.0 (98.0−116.0) | 114.0 (104.0−125.0) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 70.0 (62.0−76.0) | 71.0 (65.0−78.0) | < 0.001 | 64.0 (60.0−71.0) | 70.0 (61.0−75.0) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 87.82 ± 11.50 | 87.39 ± 11.83 | 0.192 | 90.75 ± 12.47 | 89.14 ± 12.89 | 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.83 (4.55−5.16) | 5.00 (4.66−5.38) | < 0.001 | 4.66 (4.44−5.00) | 4.88 (4.61−5.22) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 52.78 (40.98−67.37)a | 61.81 (48.62−79.17)b | < 0.001 | 53.48 (41.67−65.98)c | 61.81 (49.31−78.48)d | < 0.001 |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.0 (0.8−1.3)a | 1.2 (0.9−1.5)b | < 0.001 | 1.0 (0.8−1.2)c | 1.1 (0.9−1.4)d | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.88 ± 0.79 | 4.92 ± 0.79 | 0.052 | 4.94 ± 0.84 | 5.13 ± 0.92 | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.14 (0.87−1.51) | 1.49 (1.16−2.00) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.70−1.18) | 1.22 (0.95−1.57) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.19 ± 0.71 | 3.29 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 | 3.06 ± 0.73 | 3.41 ± 0.82 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.48 ± 0.32 | 1.33 ± 0.27 | < 0.001 | 1.71 ± 0.35 | 1.51 ± 0.31 | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/l) | 22.0 (19.0−26.0) | 23.0 (19.0−27.0) | < 0.001 | 19.0 (17.0−23.0) | 20.0 (17.0−24.0) | < 0.001 |
| ALT (U/l) | 20.0 (16.0−27.0) | 23.0 (18.0−31.0) | < 0.001 | 15.0 (12.0−19.0) | 17.0 (14.0−22.0) | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid (μmol/l) | 340.85 ± 66.03 | 358.10 ± 74.36 | < 0.001 | 239.13 ± 48.78 | 262.92 ± 52.94 | < 0.001 |
| Baseline bilirubin (μmol/l) | 16.8 ± 5.7 | 16.6 ± 5.6 | 0.332 | 13.5 ± 5.0 | 12.7 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 |
| Final bilirubin (μmol/l) | 15.2 ± 5.6 | 17.4 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 | 11.4 ± 4.4 | 12.7 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 |
| Percent change in bilirubin (%) | -11.1 (-26.7−11.1) | 0.0 (-16.7−28.6) | < 0.001 | -15.4 (-33.3−0.0) | 0.0 (-20.0−25.0) | < 0.001 |
Continuous variables with normal distributions are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, whereas continuous variables with non-normal distributions are expressed as median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model assessment index 2 for insulin resistance; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.
a n = 3502,
b n = 1036,
c n = 2012,
d n = 358