Table 1.

Comparison of the Main Characteristics of Study Participants Who Did and Did Not Have Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder at Their Baseline Visit

Variable	Entire Cohort (n = 11,481)					Never Smokers, Never Diagnosed with Asthma (n = 6,133)
	PTSD*		No PTSD*		P Value	PTSD*		No PTSD*		P Value
	n or Mean†	% or SD†	n or Mean†	% or SD†		n or Mean†	% or SD†	n or Mean†	% or SD†
Sex
Male	1,526	80.0	8,143	85.1	<0.001	674	76.9	4,486	85.3	<0.001
Female	382	20.0	1,430	14.9		202	23.1	771	14.7
Age
20–29 yr	107	5.6	464	4.9	0.16	57	6.5	267	5.1	0.08
30–39 yr	555	29.1	3,395	35.5	<0.001	282	32.2	2,050	39.0	<0.001
40–49 yr	734	38.5	3,893	40.7	0.07	324	37.0	2,158	41.1	0.02
50–59 yr	409	21.4	1,442	15.1	<0.001	180	20.6	647	12.3	<0.001
≥60 yr	103	5.4	379	4.0	0.004	33	3.8	135	2.6	0.04
Race/ethnicity
Non-Latino white	900	47.2	5,439	56.8	<0.001	353	40.3	2,791	53.1	<0.001
Latino	768	40.3	2,748	28.7	<0.001	411	46.9	1,613	30.7	<0.001
Non-Latino African American	199	10.4	1,183	12.4	0.02	90	10.3	729	13.9	0.004
Non-Latino Asian	28	1.5	141	1.5	0.99	16	1.8	87	1.7	0.71
Other	13	0.7	62	0.7	0.87	6	0.7	37	0.7	0.95
Smoking history
Lifetime nonsmoker	1,066	55.9	6,211	64.9	<0.001	876	100	5,257	100	—
Former smoker	439	23.0	2,135	22.3	0.50	—	—	—	—
Current smoker	403	21.1	1,227	12.8	<0.001	—	—	—	—
Pack-years of smoking	6.05	11.86	4.99	11.12	<0.001	—	—	—	—	—
World Trade Center occupational exposure
Low	187	9.8	1,367	14.3	<0.001	103	11.8	736	14.0	0.07
Intermediate	1330	69.7	6,215	64.9	<0.001	597	68.2	3,382	64.3	0.03
High	391	20.5	1,991	20.8	0.76	176	20.1	1,139	21.7	0.29
Educational level
No high school diploma	312	16.4	628	6.6	<0.001	155	17.7	286	5.4	<0.001
High school diploma	549	28.8	2,092	21.9	<0.001	228	26.0	1,005	19.1	<0.001
Some college	657	34.4	3,954	41.3	<0.001	298	34.0	2,177	41.4	<0.001
College graduate	390	20.4	2,899	30.3	<0.001	195	22.3	1,789	34.0	<0.001
BMI‡
Normal	345	18.1	1,564	16.3	0.06	147	16.8	846	16.1	0.61
Overweight	829	43.5	4,292	44.8	0.27	406	46.4	2,416	46.0	0.83
Obese	734	38.5	3,717	38.8	0.77	323	36.9	1995	38.0	0.54
BDR§
No	1,737	91.0	8,960	93.6	<0.001	816	93.2	5,020	95.5	0.003
Yes	171	9.0	613	6.4		60	6.9	237	4.5
Ever asthma
No	1,606	84.2	8,166	85.3	0.21	876	100	5,257	100	—
Yes	302	15.8	1,407	14.7		0	0	0	0

Definition of abbreviations: BDR = bronchodilator response; BMI = body mass index; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.

^*Probable PTSD, based on PSTD Checklist score of 44 points or greater.

^†Values are shown as n and % for categorical variables and as mean and SD for continuous variables.

^‡Normal, BMI = 18–24.9 kg/m²; overweight, BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m²; obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m².

^§BDR defined as both a percent change of 12% or greater and an absolute increment of 200 ml or greater from baseline FEV₁ after bronchodilator administration.