Table 3.
Logistic Regression Analysis of Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Bronchodilator Response at the Baseline Study Visit in the Subgroup of Never Smokers Never Diagnosed with Asthma
| Variable | Never Smokers Never Diagnosed with Asthma (n = 6,133) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BDR* |
No BDR* |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted† |
|||||
| n | % | n | % | OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 238 | 4.6 | 4,922 | 95.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 59 | 6.1 | 914 | 93.9 | 1.34 (1.0–1.79) | 0.05 | 1.35 (0.99–1.85) | 0.06 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 20–29 yr | 15 | 4.6 | 309 | 95.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 30–39 yr | 119 | 5.1 | 2,213 | 94.9 | 1.11 (0.64–1.92) | 0.72 | 1.09 (0.62–1.90) | 0.76 |
| 40–49 yr | 101 | 4.1 | 2,381 | 95.9 | 0.87 (0.50–1.52) | 0.63 | 0.82 (0.47–1.44) | 0.49 |
| 50–59 yr | 49 | 5.9 | 778 | 94.1 | 1.30 (0.72–2.35) | 0.39 | 1.15 (0.63–2.10) | 0.66 |
| ≥60 yr | 13 | 7.7 | 155 | 92.3 | 1.73 (0.80–3.72) | 0.16 | 1.49 (0.68–3.24) | 0.32 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Latino white | 151 | 4.8 | 2,993 | 95.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Latino | 84 | 4.2 | 1,940 | 95.9 | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.27 | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.07 |
| Non-Latino African American | 52 | 6.4 | 767 | 93.7 | 1.34 (0.97–1.86) | 0.07 | 1.29 (0.93–1.80) | 0.13 |
| Non-Latino Asian | 7 | 6.8 | 96 | 93.2 | 1.45 (0.66–3.17) | 0.36 | 1.46 (0.66–3.22) | 0.35 |
| Other | 3 | 7.0 | 40 | 93.0 | 1.49 (0.46–4.86) | 0.51 | 1.48 (0.45–4.87) | 0.52 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Lifetime nonsmoker | 297 | 4.8 | 5,836 | 95.2 | — | — | — | — |
| World Trade Center occupational exposure | ||||||||
| Low | 51 | 6.1 | 788 | 93.9 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Intermediate | 188 | 4.7 | 3,791 | 95.3 | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.1 | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) | 0.11 |
| High | 58 | 4.4 | 1,257 | 95.6 | 0.71 (0.48–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.71 (0.48–1.05) | 0.08 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| No high school diploma | 25 | 5.7 | 416 | 94.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
| High school diploma | 58 | 4.7 | 1,175 | 95.3 | 0.82 (0.51–1.33) | 0.42 | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.56 |
| Some college | 117 | 4.7 | 2,358 | 95.3 | 0.83 (0.53–1.29) | 0.4 | 0.85 (0.53–1.37) | 0.51 |
| College graduate | 97 | 4.9 | 1,887 | 95.1 | 0.86 (0.54–1.34) | 0.5 | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 0.54 |
| BMI‡ | ||||||||
| Normal | 46 | 4.6 | 947 | 95.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Overweight | 136 | 4.8 | 2,686 | 95.2 | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) | 0.81 | 1.15 (0.81–1.64) | 0.43 |
| Obese | 115 | 5.0 | 2,203 | 95.0 | 1.08 (0.76–1.53) | 0.69 | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | 0.34 |
| Probable PTSD§ | ||||||||
| No | 237 | 4.5 | 5,020 | 95.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 60 | 6.9 | 816 | 93.2 | 1.56 (1.16–2.09) | 0.003 | 1.56 (1.15–2.11) | 0.005 |
For definition of abbreviations, see Table 2.
*
BDR defined as both a percent change of 12% or greater and an absolute increment of 200 ml or greater from baseline FEV1 after bronchodilator administration.
†
Multivariable model adjusted for all covariates in the corresponding table column.
‡
Normal, BMI = 18–24.9 kg/m2; overweight, BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m2; obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.
§
Probable PTSD, based on PSTD Checklist score of 44 points or greater.