Table 4.
Logistic Regression Analysis of Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder at Baseline and Incident Asthma by the Follow-up Visit among Never Smokers without a Previous Diagnosis of Asthma
| Variable | Never Smokers Not Diagnosed with Asthma at the Baseline Visit (n = 3,757) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma |
No Asthma |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted* |
|||||
| n | % | n | % | OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 297 | 9.4 | 2,853 | 90.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Female | 77 | 12.7 | 530 | 87.3 | 1.40 (1.07–1.82) | 0.01 | 1.38 (1.03–1.85) | 0.03 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 20–29 yr | 21 | 11.7 | 158 | 88.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 30–39 yr | 136 | 9.7 | 1,262 | 90.3 | 0.81 (0.50–1.32) | 0.4 | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.55 |
| 40–49 yr | 146 | 9.5 | 1,396 | 90.5 | 0.79 (0.48–1.28) | 0.33 | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) | 0.42 |
| 50–59 yr | 56 | 10.4 | 481 | 89.6 | 0.88 (0.51–1.49) | 0.63 | 0.80 (0.46–1.39) | 0.42 |
| ≥60 yr | 15 | 14.9 | 86 | 85.2 | 1.31 (0.64–2.68) | 0.45 | 1.21 (0.58–2.56) | 0.61 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Latino white | 193 | 10.0 | 1,729 | 90.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Latino | 129 | 10.5 | 1,096 | 89.5 | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 0.66 | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) | 0.39 |
| Non-Latino African American | 35 | 6.9 | 474 | 93.1 | 0.66 (0.46–0.96) | 0.03 | 0.62 (0.42–0.91) | 0.01 |
| Non-Latino Asian | 9 | 12.3 | 64 | 87.7 | 1.26 (0.62–2.57) | 0.53 | 1.32 (0.63–2.74) | 0.46 |
| Other | 8 | 28.6 | 20 | 71.4 | 3.59 (1.56–8.25) | 0.003 | 3.58 (1.52–8.46) | 0.004 |
| World Trade Center occupational exposure | ||||||||
| Low | 40 | 8.4 | 438 | 91.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Intermediate | 253 | 10.3 | 2,214 | 89.7 | 1.25 (0.88–1.77) | 0.21 | 1.21 (0.85–1.73) | 0.3 |
| High | 81 | 10.0 | 731 | 90.0 | 1.21 (0.82–1.80) | 0.34 | 1.21 (0.81–1.82) | 0.36 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| No high school diploma | 38 | 13.3 | 247 | 86.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| High school diploma | 89 | 11.7 | 675 | 88.4 | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | 0.46 | 1.03 (0.67–1.60) | 0.88 |
| Some college | 131 | 9.0 | 1,322 | 91.0 | 0.64 (0.44–0.95) | 0.03 | 0.85 (0.56–1.30) | 0.46 |
| College graduate | 116 | 9.2 | 1,139 | 90.8 | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.86 (0.56–1.33) | 0.49 |
| BMI† | ||||||||
| Normal | 58 | 9.3 | 568 | 90.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Overweight | 165 | 9.3 | 1,614 | 90.7 | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 0.99 | 1.10 (0.79–1.54) | 0.56 |
| Obese | 151 | 11.2 | 1,201 | 88.8 | 1.23 (0.90–1.69) | 0.2 | 1.42 (1.01–2.00) | 0.04 |
| Weight gain | ||||||||
| ≤−2.5 kg | 67 | 8.7 | 703 | 91.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| −2.5 to 0 kg | 78 | 10.3 | 679 | 89.7 | 1.21 (0.86–1.70) | 0.29 | 1.33 (0.93–1.89) | 0.12 |
| 0–2.5 kg | 67 | 8.8 | 694 | 91.2 | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 0.94 | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) | 0.76 |
| 2.5–5 kg | 79 | 11.6 | 602 | 88.4 | 1.38 (0.98–1.94) | 0.07 | 1.42 (0.99–2.02) | 0.05 |
| >5 kg | 83 | 10.5 | 705 | 89.5 | 1.24 (0.88–1.73) | 0.22 | 1.23 (0.87–1.75) | 0.24 |
| BDR‡ | ||||||||
| No | 325 | 9.1 | 3,237 | 90.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 49 | 25.1 | 146 | 74.9 | 3.34 (2.37–4.71) | <0.001 | 3.13 (2.20–4.46) | <0.001 |
| Probable PTSD§ | ||||||||
| No | 267 | 8.3 | 2,937 | 91.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 107 | 19.4 | 446 | 80.7 | 2.64 (2.07–3.37) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.85–3.13) | <0.001 |
For definition of abbreviations, see Table 2.
*
Adjusted for all covariates in the corresponding column.
†
Normal, BMI = 18–24.9 kg/m2; overweight, BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m2; obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.
‡
BDR defined as both a percent change of 12% or greater and an absolute increment of 200 ml or greater from baseline FEV1 after bronchodilator administration.
§
Probable PTSD, based on PSTD Checklist score of 44 points or greater.