Table 3.
Variations in health indicators across settlement types in models adjusted for individuals’ characteristics.
| Individual characteristics | London
|
Other cities
|
Semi-rural areas
|
Villages
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| a. Self-rated health | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 0.84 (0.69–1.01) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.92 (0.75–1.12) | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) |
| Age | ||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 | 1.19 (0.81–1.75) | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | 0.81 (0.51–1.30) | 1.31 (0.77–2.24) |
| 35–44 | 1.97 (1.38–2.81) | 1.38 (1.21–1.58) | 1.29 (0.85–1.95) | 1.74 (1.10–2.74) |
| 45–54 | 2.93 (2.02–4.27) | 2.10 (1.83–2.40) | 2.15 (1.43–3.21) | 1.76 (1.12–2.79) |
| 55–64 | 4.07 (2.78–5.95) | 2.88 (2.52–3.29) | 3.39 (2.28–5.02) | 2.56 (1.65–3.99) |
| 65 and older | 5.08 (3.51–7.36) | 3.61 (3.17–4.10) | 3.77 (2.56–5.55) | 3.82 (2.47–5.92) |
| Self-reported ethnic group | ||||
| British, Scottish, Irish, Welsh | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other | 0.64 (0.53–0.78) | 0.72 (0.63–0.83) | 1.47 (0.72–3.02) | 0.70 (0.39–1.25) |
| Occupational social class | ||||
| Professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Managerial technical | 1.19 (0.76–1.87) | 1.33 (1.09–1.62) | 2.28 (1.24–4.19) | 1.01 (0.65–1.57) |
| Skilled non-manual | 1.95 (1.23–3.09) | 1.60 (1.30–1.96) | 2.28 (1.22–4.26) | 1.35 (0.85–2.16) |
| Skilled manual | 2.56 (1.61–4.08) | 2.15 (1.76–2.63) | 3.71 (2.01–6.85) | 1.78 (1.12–2.83) |
| Semi-skilled manual | 2.35 (1.46–3.80) | 2.26 (1.95–2.94) | 2.92 (1.55–5.48) | 1.87 (1.17–3.00) |
| Unskilled manual | 4.31 (2.26–7.53) | 2.45 (1.95–3.09) | 4.59 (2.30–9.15) | 2.09 (1.16–3.77) |
| Access to a car | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.66 (0.53–0.80) | 0.49 (0.45–0.53) | 0.41 (0.31–0.53) | 0.49 (0.35–0.69) |
| Years of residence in local area | ||||
| <5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >5 years | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) |
| Between-area variation | ||||
| Variance component | 0.137 | 0.137*** | 0.073* | 0.164*** |
| Change in variance (%) | −15.7 | −33.0 | −36.8 | −33.2 |
| b. Common mental disorders | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 1.56 (1.30–1.88) | 1.39 (1.29–1.50) | 1.24 (1.00–1.53) | 1.35 (1.08–1.69) |
| Age | ||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 1.38 (0.90–2.10) | 0.96 (0.61–1.52) |
| 35–44 | 0.92 (0.69–1.24) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 1.53 (1.02–2.28) | 1.03 (0.69–1.53) |
| 45–54 | 1.06 (0.77–1.47) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 1.70 (1.14–2.55) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) |
| 55–64 | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 1.48 (0.98–2.24) | 0.75 (0.50–1.13) |
| 65 and older | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) | 0.68 (0.59–0.77) | 1.25 (0.83–1.89) | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) |
| Self-reported ethnic group | ||||
| British, Scottish, Irish, Welsh | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.99 (0.56–1.77) | 1.04 (0.53–2.01) |
| Occupational social class | ||||
| Professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Managerial technical | 1.05 (0.72–1.55) | 1.05 (0.86–1.27) | 1.70 (0.93–3.10) | 1.16 (0.71–1.88) |
| Skilled non-manual | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 1.64 (0.88–3.04) | 1.19 (0.72–1.98) |
| Skilled manual | 1.10 (0.72–1.69) | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 1.81 (0.98–3.35) | 1.22 (0.73–2.06) |
| Semi-skilled manual | 1.15 (0.75–1.76) | 1.34 (1.10–1.64) | 1.69 (0.90–3.17) | 1.36 (0.81–2.29) |
| Unskilled manual | 1.42 (0.83–2.43) | 1.11 (0.87–1.40) | 1.66 (0.81–3.40) | 1.24 (0.63–2.45) |
| Access to a car | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.74 (0.60–0.90) | 0.64 (0.59–0.70) | 0.47 (0.36–0.63) | 0.54 (0.36–0.79) |
| Years of residence in local area | ||||
| <5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >5 years | 0.87 (0.70–1.09) | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | 0.67 (0.53–0.86) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) |
| Between-area variation | ||||
| Variance component | 0.038 | 0.106*** | 0.009 | 0.093** |
| Change in variance (%) | −25.3 | −20.7 | −20.0 | −5.5 |
| c. Overweight and obesity | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 0.63 (0.54–0.73) | 0.62 (0.59–0.67) | 0.57 (0.48–0.67) | 0.45 (0.38–0.54) |
| Age | ||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 | 2.52 (1.93–3.29) | 2.03 (1.83–2.26) | 2.18 (1.61–2.94) | 3.06 (2.14–4.39) |
| 35–44 | 3.86 (2.97–5.02) | 2.83 (2.56–3.14) | 2.44 (1.84–3.24) | 4.30 (3.12–5.93) |
| 45–54 | 4.85 (3.63–6.48) | 3.89 (3.49–4.35) | 2.98 (2.22–3.98) | 4.26 (3.09–5.87) |
| 55–64 | 5.48 (4.02–7.47) | 4.70 (4.19–5.27) | 3.79 (2.81–5.12) | 6.03 (4.36–8.34) |
| 65 and older | 5.56 (4.11–7.53) | 4.50 (4.03–5.02) | 4.29 (3.18–5.79) | 5.36 (3.87–7.42) |
| Self-reported ethnic group | ||||
| British, Scottish, Irish, Welsh | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 1.08 (0.97–1.23) | 1.05 (0.66–1.66) | 1.60 (0.98–2.62) |
| Occupational social class | ||||
| Professional | ||||
| Managerial technical | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 1.71 (1.17–2.51) | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) |
| Skilled non-manual | 1.32 (0.95–1.82) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.43 (0.96–2.13) | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) |
| Skilled manual | 1.37 (0.97–1.93) | 1.21 (1.04–1.42) | 1.86 (1.25–2.77) | 1.03 (0.71–1.50) |
| Semi-skilled manual | 1.50 (1.06–2.14) | 1.26 (1.07–1.47) | 2.10 (1.39–3.17) | 1.28 (0.87–1.88) |
| Unskilled manual | 1.27 (0.80–2.01) | 1.22 (1.01–1.48) | 1.78 (1.08–2.94) | 1.47 (0.86–2.50) |
| Access to a car | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.18 (0.99–1.41) | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) | 1.04 (0.74–1.48) |
| Years of residence in local area | ||||
| <5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >5 years | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) |
| Between-area variation | ||||
| Variance component | 0.088† | 0.074*** | 0.090* | 0.095* |
| Change in variance (%) | −16.2 | −3.7 | −0.1 | +0.3 |
†
p < 0.10;
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.