Table 4.
Variations in self-rated health and overweight and obesity across settlement types, adjusted for individuals’ characteristics, in relation to area-level deprivation and to administrative region of location.
| Poor self-rated health
|
Overweight and obesity
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other cities
|
Semi-rural areas
|
Villages
|
Other cities
|
Semi-rural areas
|
Villages
|
|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Area-level deprivationa | ||||||
| Lower deciles | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Mid deciles | 1.36 (1.23–1.49) | 1.22 (1.00–1.50) | 1.45 (1.18–1.79) | 1.19 (1.11–1.29) | 1.28 (1.06–1.54) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) |
| Higher deciles | 1.86 (1.68–2.06) | 1.80 (1.29–2.50) | 3.21 (1.03–9.98) | 1.25 (1.15–1.37) | 1.45 (1.05–2.02) | 0.62 (0.21–1.87) |
| Between-area variation | ||||||
| Variance component | 0.090*** | 0.039† | 0.129** | 0.068*** | 0.078* | 0.095** |
| Change in variance (%) | −0.3 | −0.5 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.0 |
| Administrative regionsb | ||||||
| South East | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| South West | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.94 (0.62–1.41) | 1.32 (0.89–1.95) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 1.21 (0.86–1.71) | 1.41 (1.05–1.90) |
| East of England | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | 1.27 (0.88–1.82) | 1.42 (0.98–2.08) | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | 1.67 (1.25–2.22) |
| East Midlands | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | 1.34 (0.92–1.96) | 1.60 (1.05–2.45) | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) | 1.61 (1.15–2.25) |
| West Midlands | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 1.64 (1.05–2.55) | 1.14 (0.74–1.75) | 1.34 (1.19–1.51) | 1.05 (0.71–1.54) | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) |
| Yorkshire & Humber | 1.06 (0.93–1.23) | 1.38 (0.94–2.03) | 1.60 (1.00–2.57) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 1.28 (0.92–1.79) | 1.59 (1.09–2.32) |
| North West | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 1.61 (1.08–2.40) | 1.80 (1.10–2.94) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.47 (1.04–2.10) | 1.73 (1.16–2.59) |
| North East | 1.20 (1.03–1.41) | 1.51 (0.98–2.31) | 1.29 (0.63–2.66) | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | 1.55 (1.04–2.30) | 1.78 (0.99–3.19) |
| Between-area variation | ||||||
| Variance component | 0.088*** | 0.030† | 0.140** | 0.057*** | 0.068* | 0.086* |
| Change in variance (%) | −0.02 | −0.2 | +0.1 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1 |
†
p < 0.10;
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.
a
Models are adjusted for individuals’ characteristics.
b
Models are adjusted for individuals’ characteristics and for area-level deprivation.