Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to number of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the highest quartile
| Characteristics | Total N = 878 | Pro-inflammatory Burden Scorea | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 N = 302 | 1 N = 230 | 2 N = 131 | ≥3 N = 215 | |||
| PAD, ABI <0.90, n (%) | 61 (6.95) | 12 (3.97) | 14 (6.09) | 5 (3.82) | 30 (13.95) | <0.001 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 73.71 ± 5.87 | 72.82 ± 5.39 | 72.44 ± 5.13 | 74.22 ± 6.10 | 75.99 ± 5.87 | <0.001 |
| Non-white race, n (%) | 67 (7.63) | 29 (9.60) | 21 (9.13) | 7 (5.34) | 10 (4.65) | 0.019 |
| High school or less, n (%) | 217 (24.72) | 56 (18.54) | 59 (25.65) | 40 (30.53) | 62 (28.84) | 0.003 |
| Health status | ||||||
| Self-rated health status, good/excellent, n (%) | 753 (85.86) | 275 (91.06) | 201 (87.39) | 111 (85.38) | 166 (77.21) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI), mean ± SD | 27.32 ± 3.56 | 27.22 ± 3.17 | 27.06 ± 3.72 | 27.39 ± 3.57 | 27.69 ± 3.86 | 0.146 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHG), mean ± SD | 139.09 ± 18.92 | 138.94 ± 18.44 | 138.60 ± 18.59 | 138.58 ± 18.06 | 140.13 ± 20.47 | 0.555 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 106.68 ± 24.90 | 105.20 ± 21.53 | 104.22 ± 22.69 | 109.37 ± 32.89 | 109.75 ± 25.53 | 0.027 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 194.58 ± 32.84 | 196.43 ± 32.52 | 196.78 ± 32.69 | 196.30 ± 36.28 | 188.59 ± 30.62 | 0.021 |
| HDL (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 48.96 ± 14.65 | 51.05 ± 14.39 | 49.85 ± 15.46 | 48.35 ± 13.75 | 45.46 ± 14.11 | <0.001 |
| Medical conditions | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 139 (15.83) | 41 (13.58) | 29 (12.61) | 20 (15.27) | 49 (22.79) | 0.005 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 383 (43.62) | 122 (40.40) | 84 (36.52) | 56 (42.75) | 121 (56.28) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 36 (4.10) | 7 (2.32) | 5 (2.17) | 4 (3.05) | 20 (9.30) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 97 (11.05) | 17 (5.63) | 26 (11.30) | 17 (12.98) | 37 (17.21) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes status | 0.002 | |||||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 142 (16.69) | 39 (13.36) | 25 (11.21) | 24 (18.75) | 54 (25.96) | |
| Pre-diabetes, n (%) | 310 (36.43) | 114 (39.04) | 79 (35.43) | 44 (34.38) | 73 (35.10) | |
| Medication use | ||||||
| NSAID, n (%) | 130 (15.51) | 44 (15.28) | 26 (11.82) | 19 (15.45) | 41 (19.81) | 0.137 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 284 (33.89) | 97 (33.68) | 73 (33.18) | 32 (26.02) | 82 (39.61) | 0.366 |
| Cox-II inhibitor, n (%) | 63 (7.52) | 20 (6.94) | 11 (5.00) | 10 (8.13) | 22 (10.63) | 0.090 |
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 166 (19.81) | 53 (18.40) | 30 (13.64) | 24 (19.51) | 59 (28.50) | 0.004 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 38 (4.53) | 1 (0.35) | 6 (2.73) | 4 (3.25) | 27 (13.04) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants, n (%) | 55 (6.65) | 15 (5.26) | 13 (6.07) | 3 (2.46) | 24 (11.65) | 0.022 |
| Physical performance | ||||||
| Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly score, mean ± SD | 149.92 ± 69.95 | 155.79 ± 66.48 | 158.76 ± 67.01 | 147.00 ± 65.49 | 134.02 ± 77.68 | <0.001 |
| Walking speed <0.8 meters/seconds, n (%) | 28 (3.19) | 7 (2.32) | 3 (1.30) | 3 (2.29) | 15 (6.98) | 0.004 |
| Average number of drinks/week, mean ± SD | 4.52 ± 6.90 | 5.23 ± 7.20 | 4.78 ± 7.25 | 3.61 ± 5.82 | 3.82 ± 6.60 | 0.001 |
| Smoking status | 0.010 | |||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 33 (3.76) | 6 (1.99) | 7 (3.04) | 7 (5.34) | 13 (6.05) | |
| Past smoker, n (%) | 514 (58.54) | 172 (56.95) | 134 (58.26) | 74 (56.49) | 134 (62.33) | |
| Smoking pack-years, mean ± SD | 18.97 ± 25.71 | 16.09 ± 23.86 | 18.09 ± 24.74 | 18.04 ± 22.40 | 24.53 ± 30.07 | 0.003 |
aComposite variable summing number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-6 SR, TNFα, TNFαSRI, TNFαSRII, CRP) in the highest quartile