Table 3.
Summary of experimental studies assessing the effects of mixed-nutrient foods on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and associated outcomes
| Studies | Subjects | Dietary intervention | Main outcomes measured | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Characteristics | Food | Duration | ||
| Rebello 2013 [151] | 48 | 〉 Healthya | Oatmealb (66.8 g) | 4 h | ↑ Fullness ↓ Hunger ↓ Desire to eat ↓ Prospective food consumption |
| Rebello 2016 [152] | 48 | 〉 Healthy | Oatmealb (66.8 g) | 4 h | ↑ Fullness ↓ Hunger ↓ Desire to eat ↓ Prospective food consumption ↓ Energy intake at the next meal |
| Freeland 2010 [165] | 28 | 〉 Hyperinsulinemia | High-fiber cereal (24 g/day) | 1 year | ↑ Acetate and butyrate blood concentrations ↑ GLP-1 blood concentrations |
| Nilsson 2015 [166] | 20 | 〉 Healthy | Barley kernel-based breadc
(100 g of available starch per day) |
3 days | ↑ PYY postprandial blood concentrations ↑ GLP-1 fasting blood concentrations ↑ Fasting and postprandial breath hydrogen concentrations ↑ Total SCFAs and acetate fasting blood concentrations ↓ Blood glucose postprandial concentrations ↓ Insulin postprandial blood concentrations |
| Jenkins 2006 [156] | 15 | 〉 Healthy | Raw almondsb (60.0 g) | 4 h | ↓ Blood glucose postprandial concentrations ↓ Insulin postprandial blood concentrations ↓ Oxydative damage to proteins measured in blood serum |
| Josse 2007 [167] | 9 | 〉 Healthy | Raw almondsc
(30, 60 and 90 g) |
4 h | ↓ Blood glucose postprandial concentrationsd |
| Jenkins 2008 [157] | 27 | 〉 Hyperlipidemia | Raw almonds- (37.0 and 73.0 g) |
1 month | ↓ 24-hour insulin secretion |
| Mori 2011 [159] | 14 | 〉 Impaired glucose tolerance | Raw almondsc (42.5 g) | 8 h | ↓ Blood glucose concentrations ↑ Insulin blood concentrations ↓ Non esterified fatty acid blood concentrations after a second meal ↑ Fullness |
| Kendall 2011 [153] | 10 | 〉 Healthy | Pistachiosb
(28.0, 56.0 and 84.0 g) |
2 h | ↓ Blood glucose concentrationsd |
| Kendall 2014 [154] | 20 | 〉 Metabolic syndrome | Pistachiosc (85.0 g) | 3 h | ↑ GLP-1 postprandial blood concentrations ↑ Glucose-insulinotropic peptide postprandial blood concentrations ↓ Blood glucose postprandial concentrations ↑ Insulin postprandial blood concentrations |
| Reis 2013 [168] | 30 | 〉 Obese women | (a) Whole peanutsc (42.5 g) (b) Peanut butterc (42.5 g) |
8 h | ↓ Blood glucose concentrations after second standard isocaloric meal (b) ↑ Insulin postprandial blood concentrations (a,b) ↓ Non esterified fatty acid blood concentrations after second meal (b) ↑ PYY postprandial blood concentrations (b) ↓ Desire to eat following the second meal (a,b) |
| Parham 2014 [155] | 48 | 〉 Type 2 diabetes | Pistachiod (50.0 g per day) | 12 weeks | ↓ Fasting blood glucose concentrations ↓ Percentage of glycated blood haemoglobin ↓ Systolic blood pressure ↓ Body mass index ↓ C-reactive protein blood concentrations |
| Ratliff 2010 [160] | 21 | 〉 Healthy men | Whole eggb (3) | 24 h | ↓ Blood glucose postprandial concentrations ↓ Ghrelin postprandial blood concentrations ↓ Insulin postprandial blood concentrations ↓ Hunger ↑ Satisfaction ↓ Energy intake at lunch and over 24 hours |
| Pombo-Rodrigues 2011 [162] | 31 | 〉 Healthy | Whole eggsb (2) | 4 h | ↑ Fullness ↓ Desire to eat ↓ Prospective food consumption |
| Vander Wal 2005 [161] |
30 | 〉 Overweight women | Whole eggsb (2) | 36 h | ↑ Satiety ↓ Energy intake at the next meal and over 24 and 36 hours |
| Liu 2015 [163] |
28 | 〉 Healthy children and adolescents | Eggsb | 3 h | ↑ PYY postprandial blood concentrations |
| Wien 2013 [164] | 26 | 〉 Overweight | Fresh avocadob
(50.0 to 90.0 g) |
3 h | ↓ Insulin postprandial blood concentrations ↓ Desire to eat ↑ Satisfaction |
GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1, PYY Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, SCFAs Short-chain fatty acids
a Unless otherwise mentioned, study samples include adults of both sexes
b Isocaloric test and control meals, however, not marched for macronutrient contents
c Test and control meals matched for carbohydrate content only
d In a dose-dependent matter