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TEM images of lPEI/DNA complex nanoparticles prepared under fast mixing conditions (A–C) in a CIJ and bulk mixing (D–F) using different DNA concentrations. For fast mixing conditions, a flow rate of 20 mL/min was used. The pH of lPEI solutions was adjusted to 3.5 and a N/P ratio of 8 was used. Concentration of DNA used for complexation is 25 μg/mL (A, D), 50 μg/mL (B, E), and 100 μg/mL (C, F). Scale bar is 500 nm.
