Figure 1.
Proposed actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as both advantageous and disadvantageous (and ultimately pivotal) determinants of diaphragm muscle adaptation to sustained hypoxia. A temporal component impacts all of these processes. Muscle plasticity is determined by complex interactions between hypoxia/redox stress and three major inter-related processes that are fundamental to muscle performance: contractile activity, metabolism, and structure/growth/repair.