Figure 5.

Metformin enhanced adenosine triphosphate-induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in bone marrow-derived macrophages [BMDMs, (A,B)] and J774A.1 cells (C,D). (A,C) BMDMs and J774A.1 cells were treated as described in Figure 1, respectively. Indicated protein levels of p-AMPKα and AMPKα were evaluated by western blotting. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control for cell lysates. (B,D) Quantification of p-AMPKα levels relative to AMPKα in BMDMs (B) and J774A.1 cells (D). Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). One representative experiment from three independently performed experiments with similar results is shown. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; and ns, not significant.