Condition | Explicit motor timing (Paced and self-paced finger tapping [PFT and S-PFT]; repetitive wrist movements; time reproduction tasks) | Explicit perceptual timing (Time production/estimation and time discrimination tasks) | Implicit motor timing (Temporal expectation tasks; in musician's dystonia: time analysis of performed musical scales or finger tapping performance on keyboard) | Implicit perceptual timing (Temporal expectation tasks) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parkinson's disease | • Reduced accuracy for both sub-second and supra-second intervals • Inconsistent changes in performance variability (increased on PFT tasks, decreased with time reproduction) • Inconsistent effects of dopaminergic medication on performance |
• Reduced accuracy for suprasecond intervals (evidence of improvement with dopaminergic medication, which needs to be replicated) | • No obvious changes | • Not explored |
Huntington's disease | • Reduced accuracy and increased performance variability observed more consistently for supra-second intervals, with changes observed in symptomatic and pre-symptomatic subjects (in the latter, performance changes increase as estimated years to onset decrease) | • Reduced accuracy for suprasecond intervals | • Not explored | • Not explored |
Dystonia | • No obvious changes on PFT tasks | • No obvious changes | • In musician's dystonia, reduced accuracy of the affected hand • Variable finger tapping performance on keyboard, depending on finger affected |
• In writer's cramp and cervical dystonia, reduced accuracy on temporal prediction of hand motion, but not of inanimate object motion |
Tourette syndrome | • Reduced accuracy on time reproduction tasks for supra-second intervals, with performance variability influenced by dopamine D2 receptor blockers | • No obvious changes | • Not explored | • Not explored |