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TM induced apoptosis in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. (a) TM significantly enhanced the apoptotic rate in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells after 12 h incubation analyzing via flow cytometry (n = 3). (b) TM enhanced caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells after 24 h exposure. Data are expressed as a percentage of that from corresponding control group and the means ± SD (n = 6). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 versus control cells.
