Fig. 4.

Ratios of long-term effective population size (circles, measured as ${\widehat{\theta }}_{NS}/{\widehat{\theta }}_{TS}$) and ratios of effective population size at present (crosses, measured as ${N\prime }_{NS}/{N\prime }_{TS}$) between nonthreatened and threatened species for five vertebrate classes. Species group pairs are from the same family. $\widehat{\theta }$ was calculated using the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA (10) and allelic variation at microsatellite loci (15).