Fig. 5.
Coalescence-based modeling and analysis. (A) The two-phase model of exponential population decline for threatened species with a constant effective population size of nonthreatened species during both phases. (B) The likelihood surface obtained from the analysis. (C) The estimates based on the data from all studied species and subgroups of species. The estimates (, ) are shown by open circles, the estimates of τ conditional on R are shown in solid lines, and their 95% confidence intervals are given in dashed lines. The estimates for the case of 40% species were averaged over five random replicates. (D) The estimates based on the microsatellite data from five taxa. (E) The estimates based on the data from species with different generation times. (F) Results from species categorized as temperate and tropical zones.