Table S1.

Summary of the PPNA sites in southwest Asia in which wild cereal cultivation has been discussed, along with the archaeobotanical evidence found

Area	Site	Date, ka Cal BP	Taxa	Main arguments given	Ref(s).
Southern Levant	Dhrá	11.7–11.4	Barley (based on phytolith evidence)	Storage structure	92
	Gilgal I	11.5–11.1	Barley and oat	Cultivated-type seed size, arable flora, seed abundance, storage evidence	9, 93
	Iraq ed-Dubb	11.7–10.8	Barley	Cultivated-type seed size, arable flora	8
	Netiv Hagdug	11.3–10.8	Barley	Arable flora	9, 63
	ZAD 2	11.2–10.8	Barley	Cultivated-type seed size, arable flora	64
	el-Hemmeh	11.1–10.7	Barley	Cultivated-type seed size, arable flora	65
	Jericho I	11.1–10.3	Barley and emmer	Cultivated-type seed size	94
Euphrates area	Mureybet (I-III)	11.7–10.5	Rye/2-grained einkorn, barley	Location of the site beyond natural cereal habitat, arable flora	56, 76, 77
	Tell Ábr 3	11.5–11.2	Rye/2-grained einkorn	Location of the site beyond natural cereal habitat	10
	Jerf el Ahmar	11.4–10.7	Barley, rye/2-grained einkorn	Cultivated-type seed size, arable flora, reduction in small gathered seeds of nonfounder plants, location of the site beyond natural cereal habitat, gradual adoption of founder crops	10, 58, 61
Iran	Chogha Golan (XI–X)	11.5–10.7	Barley	Arable flora	23, 95

At a number of sites cereal cultivation is not conclusive, e.g., Tell Ábr 3, Mureybet, and Netiv Hagdug (10, 63, 76, 77). At others, information regarding grain size is lacking (e.g., Dhrá, emmer grains from Jericho I). At Chogha Golan, increased barley grain size is attested in phase IX (contemporary with the EPPNB in the Levant) (95).