Table S6.
Summary of the proportions of wild- and domesticated-type cereal scars at PPNA and PPNB sites in southwest Asia
| Area | Site | Date, ka Cal BP | Taxa | % wild-type | % domestic-type | Based on n of wild/domestic chaff | Ref(s). |
| Southern and central Levant | Ohalo II | c. 23–21 | Emmer | 64.0 | 36.0 | 148 | 4 |
| Ohalo II | c. 23–21 | Barley | 75.0 | 25.0 | 320 | 4 | |
| Netiv Hagdud | 11.3–10.8 | Barley | 96.0 | 4.0 | 3,277 | 63 | |
| Netiv Hagdud | 11.3–10.8 | Emmer | 100.0 | 0.0 | 123 | 63 | |
| ZAD 2 | 11.2–10.8 | Barley | 71.1 | 28.9 | 38 | 64 | |
| el-Hemmeh (PPNA) | 11.1–10.7 | Barley | 94.3 | 5.7 | 53 | 65 | |
| el-Hemmeh (PPNA) | 11.1–10.7 | Emmer | 100.0 | 0.0 | 4 | 65 | |
| TQN | 10.7–10.2 | 1-/2-grained einkorn | 71.4 | 28.6 | 14 | — | |
| TQN | 10.7–10.2 | Emmer | 78.9 | 21.1 | 19 | — | |
| TQN | 10.7–10.2 | Barley | 58.8 | 41.2 | 17 | — | |
| Aswad I | 10.7–10.3 | Emmer | 95.7 | 4.3 | 231 | 12 | |
| Aswad (van Zeist) | c. 10.5 | Barley | 70.2 | 29.8 | 114 | 12 | |
| Aswad (Willcox) | c. 10.5 | Barley | 64.8 | 35.2 | 54 | 12 | |
| Wadi Jilat 7 | 10.2–9.3 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 66 | 8 | |
| Wadi Jilat 7 | 10.2–9.3 | 2-grained einkorn | 0.0 | 100.0 | 6 | 8 | |
| el-Hemmeh (LPPNB) | 9.8–9.6 | Barley | 50.0 | 50.0 | 44 | 65 | |
| Azraq 31 | 9.5–9.2 | Barley | 0.0 | 100.0 | 2 | 8 | |
| Basta | 9.5–9.0 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 33 | 98 | |
| Wadi Fidan A and C | 9.3–8.7 | Barley | 63.2 | 36.8 | 19 | 8 | |
| Ramad | 9.3–8.6 | Barley | 40.9 | 59.1 | 455 | 12 | |
| Wadi Jilat 13 | 9.0–8.6 | Barley | 94.7 | 5.3 | 19 | 8 | |
| Southeast and central Turkey | Çayönü (R, G, BP, Ch) | 10.6–10.2 | Wheat | 0.0 | 100.0 | 2,264 | 74 |
| Çayönü (R, G, BP, Ch) | 10.6–10.2 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 129 | 74 | |
| Nevali Çory | 10.6–9.9 | 1-grained einkorn | 86.2 | 13.8 | 282 | 12 | |
| Cafer Höyük (XIII-VIII) | 10.3–9.4 | 1-grained einkorn | 14.3 | 85.7 | 7 | 86 | |
| Cafer Höyük (XIII-VIII) | 10.3–9.4 | Emmer | 0.0 | 100.0 | 17 | 86 | |
| Cafer Höyük (XIII-VIII) | 10.3–9.4 | Barley | 0.0 | 100.0 | 10 | 86 | |
| Çayönü (CP/C/LR) | 10.2–8.8 | Wheat | 0.0 | 100.0 | 867 | 76 | |
| Çayönü (CP/C/LR) | 10.2–8.8 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 2 | 74 | |
| Aşıklı Höyük (L4) | >9.8–9.5 | Emmer | 70.0 | 30.0 | 30 | 12 | |
| Aşıklı Höyük (L4) | >9.8–9.5 | Barley | 92.0 | 8.0 | 25 | 12 | |
| Çatalhöyük | 9.1–8.4 | 1-grained einkorn | 5.4 | 94.6 | 945 | 99 | |
| Northern Syria | Tell Qaramel | 12.3–10.8 | 1-grained einkorn | 100.0 | 0.0 | 14 | 12 |
| Jerf el Ahmar | 11.4–10.7 | 2-grained einkorn | 100.0 | 0.0 | 5 | 12 | |
| Jerf el Ahmar | 11.4–10.7 | Barley | 99.8 | 0.2 | 3,333 | 12 | |
| Mureybet II | 11.7–11.2 | Emmer | 0.0 | 100.0 | 1 | 100 | |
| Mureybet III | 11.3–10.5 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 6 | 76, 77 | |
| Dja´de | 10.7–10.3 | 2-grained einkorn | 100.0 | 0.0 | 16 | 12 | |
| Dja´de | 10.7–10.3 | Barley | 98.7 | 1.3 | 155 | 12 | |
| Seker Aheimar | c. 9.3 | Barley | 0.0 | 100.0 | 54 | 12 | |
| El Kowm (2) | c. 8.7 | 1-grained einkorn | 0.0 | 100.0 | 7 | 101 | |
| El Kowm (2) | c. 8.7 | Barley | 0.0 | 100.0 | 76 | 101 | |
| El Kowm (2) | c. 8.7 | Emmer | 0.0 | 100.0 | 36 | 101 | |
| Northern Syria | Tell el-Kerkh | c. 8.2 | Emmer | 57.1 | 42.9 | 35 | 12 |
| Tell el-Kerkh | c. 8.2 | Barley | 66.7 | 33.3 | 3 | 12 | |
| Abu Hureyra (2B/C) | c. 8.2 | Emmer | 0.0 | 100.0 | 23 | 86 | |
| Abu Hureyra (2B/C) | c. 8.2 | Barley | 0.0 | 100.0 | 19 | 86 | |
| Iran and the Tigris | Chogha Golan (X–XI) | c. 11.5–10.6 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 272 | 23 |
| Chogha Golan (VI–IX) | c. 10.8–9.8 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 141 | 23 | |
| Chogha Golan (IV–V) | c. 10.2–9.8 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 750 | 23 | |
| Chogha Golan (III–II) | c. 10.2–9.7 | Barley | 100.0 | 0.0 | 42 | 23 | |
| Chogha Golan (I–II) | c. 9.8 | Emmer | 0.0 | 100.0 | 25 | 23 | |
| Chogha Golan (I–II) | c. 9.8 | Emmer | 43.8 | 56.3 | 16 | 95 | |
| Salat Cami | c. 8.3 | Emmer | 1.2 | 98.8 | 86 | 12 | |
| Salat Cami | c. 8.3 | Barley | 0.0 | 100.0 | 15 | 12 |
Calculations exclude rachises identified as “possible domestic” in ref. 12, chaff remains identified with uncertainty to species level, e.g., rachis remains identified as Hordeum spontaneum/sativum at Wadi Jilat (8). The evidence of cereal domestication at Çayönü should be regarded with caution until the material has been quantified following recent classifications (12), and therefore it is not present in Fig. 2. At Cafer Höyük remains identified as T. monococcum or T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum may correspond to a different species (i.e., T. macha) (86). Note that records from el Kowm (2) include domestic-type glume bases, and in the case of einkorn, four out of seven are basal spikelet forks (86).