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. 2016 Dec 6;7:13502. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13502

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a–c) Plots of the annual (thin lines) and 10-year low-pass-filtered (thick lines) (a) δ¹⁸O-shell, (b) HadISST1 gridded SST data and (c) EN4 gridded SSS. (d,e) Spatial correlations between the δ¹⁸O-shell and HadISST1 SST over (d) the growing season (March to October) and (e) the preceding winter (December to February). The correlations are calculated over the period 1870–2000. (f) Spatial correlations between the δ¹⁸O-shell and the EN4 SSS gridded SSS data set. Correlations calculated over the period 1950–2000. All correlations shown are significant with a P<0.1. Instrumental displayed in b,c are derived from a 10° by 20° grid box (65–75°N 10–30°W) north of Iceland. Spatial correlations generated using the KNMI climate explorer (https://climexp.knmi.nl/).