Fig. 4.

Observed changes in axis conformation. (A) Muntjac mitotic anaphase chromosomes with coiled axes (13). (B–F) Meiosis. (B) Coiled homologs of lily at diakinesis (14). (C) Axis fracturing and sister separation in late leptotene in Sordaria (15). (D) Twisting of a single leptotene homolog axis in Neotiella (16). (E)In Allium, coaligned homolog axes linked by bridges (Left) undergo apparent buckling plus ensuing nucleation of synaptonemal complex at late leptotene (1, 17). (F) Twisting synaptonemal complex (18). [Reproduced with permission from, respectively: (A) The Journal of Cell Biology, 1995, 131, pp. 7–17, by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press; (B) ref. 14 (Copyright 1991, NRC Research Press); (C) ref. 15 (Copyright 1999, Elsevier); (D) ref. 16 by courtesy of the Carlsberg Laboratory (Copyright 1985, The Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen); (E) ref. 17 (Copyright 2004, Elsevier); and (F) ref. 18 (Copyright 1978, NRC Research Press).]