Table 3.
Hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards regression on time to re-incarceration
| Variable | Univariate models | Full model | Reduced model | (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | AHR (95%CI) | AHR (95%CI) | ||
| (N = 1122) | (N = 1143) | |||
| Demographic | 0.013 (0.000, 0.035) | |||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18-24 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| 25-39 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.95) | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) | |
| 40+ | 0.36 (0.28, 0.45) | 0.50 (0.37, 0.68) | 0.51 (0.38, 0.69) | |
| Female | 0.79 (0.66, 0.96) | 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) | 0.72 (0.57, 0.92) | |
| Indigenous | 1.75 (1.50, 2.05) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) | 1.22 (0.99, 1.51) | |
| Criminal justice | 0.072 (0.044, 0.113) | |||
| Prior adult incarceration | 3.42 (2.81, 4.17) | 2.42 (1.89, 3.10) | 2.43 (1.91, 3.11) | |
| Juvenile incarceration | 2.10 (1.80, 2.45) | 1.54 (1.27, 1.88) | 1.51 (1.25, 1.82) | |
| Any income from illegal activities† | 2.20 (1.87, 2.59) | 1.43 (1.11, 1.83) | 1.39 (1.10, 1.76) | |
| Longer sentence (≥6 months) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) | |
| Drug-related sentence | 1.79 (1.54, 2.08) | 1.39 (1.15, 1.67) | 1.38 (1.15, 1.66) | |
| Substance use | 0.008 (-0.007, 0.034) | |||
| High risk drinking† | 1.40 (1.20, 1.63) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | |
| Risky cannabis use† | 2.03 (1.75, 2.36) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54) | 1.27 (1.06, 1.51) | |
| Risky amphetamine use† | 2.17 (1.87, 2.51) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.51) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.46) | |
| Risky opioid use† | 2.17 (1.85, 2.55) | 1.32 (1.08, 1.63) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.63) | |
| Mental health | 0.023 (0.001, 0.046) | |||
| History of self-harm | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) | 0.72 (0.59, 0.88) | |
| CNS medications | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41) | 1.29 (1.07, 1.57) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) | |
| Screens positive for intellectual disability | 1.37 (1.17, 1.60) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.38) | |
| High psychological distress | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.13) | |
| Physical health | 0.011 (-0.002, 0.034) | |||
| Two or more chronic illnesses | 0.75 (0.65, 0.87) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) | |
| Low physical health functioning | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | - | |
| Obese | 0.59 (0.48, 0.72) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) | |
| Sedentary | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.68, 1.00) | |
| Any STI | 1.18 (1.00, 1.38) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.46) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.43) | |
| Social support | 0.000 (-0.008, 0.016) | |||
| Not married or defacto | 1.18 (1.01, 1.37) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.29) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | |
| No visits in past 4 weeks | 1.58 (1.36, 1.83) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.37) | |
| Low perceived social support | 1.29 (1.08, 1.55) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.31) | |
| Taken from family as child | 1.35 (1.13, 1.61) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | |
| Health involvement | 0.002 (-0.008, 0.024) | |||
| Low patient activation | 1.41 (1.19, 1.68) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.38) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.39) | |
| Physical health not important | 1.83 (1.26, 2.65) | 1.61 (0.98, 2.64) | 1.52 (0.98, 2.36) | |
| Mental health not important | 1.63 (1.08, 2.48) | 0.88 (0.51, 1.52) | - | |
| Socioeconomic | 0.003 (-0.005, 0.018) | |||
| Less than 10 years schooling | 1.52 (1.31, 1.76) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.19) | - | |
| Unstable housing† | 1.29 (1.08, 1.53) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.31) | |
| Unemployed† | 1.61 (1.39, 1.87) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | - | |
| Below poverty line† | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 1.29 (1.04, 1.60) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.52) |
†prior to index incarceration.