TABLE 1.

Common themes among phage-encoded virulence factors^a

Protein	Gene	Phage	Bacterial host
Extracellular toxins
Diphtheria toxin	tox	β-Phage	C. diphtheriae
Neurotoxin	C1	Phage C1	C. botulinum
Shiga toxins	stx1, stx2	H-19B	E. coli
Enterohaemolysin	hly2	φFC3208	E. coli
Cytotoxin	ctx	φCTX	P. aeruginosa
Enterotoxin	see, sel	NA	S. aureus
Enterotoxin P	sep	φN315	S. aureus
Enterotoxin A	entA	φ13	S. aureus
Enterotoxin A	sea	φMu50A	S. aureus
Exfoliative toxin A	eta	φETA	S. aureus
Toxin type A	speA	T12	S. pyogenes
Toxin type C	speC	CS112	S. pyogenes
Cholera toxin	ctxAB	CTXφ	V. cholerae
Leukocidin	pvl	fPVL	S. aureus
Superantigens	speA1, speA3, speC, speI, speH, speM, speL, speK, ssa	8232.1	S. pyogenes
Cytolethal distending toxin	cdt	Unnamed	E. coli
Proteins altering antigenicity
Membrane proteins	Mu-like	Pnm1	N. meningitidis
Glucosylation	rfb	ɛ34	S. enterica
Glucosylation	gtr	P22	S. enterica
O-antigen acetylase	oac	Sf6	S. flexneri
Glucosyl transferase	gtrII	SfII, SfV, SfX	S. flexneri
Effector proteins involved in invasion
Type III effector	sopE	SopEΦ	S. enterica
Type III effector	sseI (gtgB)	GIFSY-2	S. enterica
Type III effector	sspH1	GIFSY-3	S. enterica
Enzymes
Superoxide dismutase	sodC	Sp4, 10	E. coli O157
Superoxide dismutase	sodC-I	GIFSY-2	S. enterica
Superoxide dismutase	sodC-III	Fels-1	S. enterica
Neuraminidase	nanH	Fels-1	S. enterica
Hyaluronidase	hylP	H4489A	S. pyogenes
Leukocidin	pvl	φPVL	S. aureus
Staphylokinase	sak	φ13	S. aureus
Phospholipase	sla	315.4	S. pyogenes
DNase/streptodornase	sdn, sda	315.6, 8232.5	S. pyogenes
Serum resistance
OMPb	bor	λ	E. coli
OMP	eib	λ-like	E. coli
Adhesions for bacterial host attachment
Vir	vir	MAV1	M. arthritidis
Phage coat proteins	pblA, pblB	SM1	S. mitis
Others
Mitogenic factors	mf2, mf3, mf4	370.1, 370.3, 315.3	S. pyogenes
Mitogenic factor	toxA	Unnamed	P. multocida
Mitogenic factor	Unnamed	phisc 1	S. canis
Virulence	gtgE	GIFSY-2	S. enterica
Antivirulence	grvA	GIFSY-2, Fels-1	S. enterica

^aUpdated from reference 26 with permission.

^bOMP, outer membrane protein.