TABLE 3.
Use of C2, CST, and ι toxins as tools to determine various cellular processes involving the actin cytoskeletona
| Effects (toxin) | Reference(s) |
|---|---|
| Activation of neutrophils and peptide receptor dynamics (C2) | 16, 159, 292, 293, 468 |
| Inhibited pseudopod formation, phagocytosis, and adhesion to laminin of murine macrophages (C2) | 195 |
| Decreased actin mRNA levels by increasing G-actin concentrations in rat hepatocytes (C2) | 353, 354 |
| Decreased expression of various proteins by 3T3-A31 mouse embryo cells (C2) | 406 |
| Decreased esterification of cholesterol by mouse peritoneal macrophages (C2) | 431 |
| Inhibited muscle contraction of guinea pig ileum but not rabbit aorta (C2) | 256 |
| Inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (C2) | 55 |
| Activation and apoptosis of human B lymphocytes (C2) | 114, 262-266 |
| Increased noradrenaline release from rat PC12 adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (C2) | 254 |
| Decreased catecholamine release from bovine chromaffin cells (C2) | 142 |
| Decreased degranulation and serotonin release from nonadherent, rat peritoneal mast cells; increased degranulation of adherent rat 2H3-hm1 basophils (C2) | 339, 472 |
| Decreased exocytosis of insulin in hamster HIT-T15 pancreatic islet cells (C2) | 234 |
| Increased exocytosis of serotonin from rat 2H3-hm1 basophils (C2) | 340, 341 |
| Increased steroid release from murine Y-1 adrenocortical cells (C2) | 89, 485 |
| Increased intracellular Ca2+ movement in rat 2H3-hm1 leukemic basophils (C2) | 99 |
| Inhibited insulin-regulated gene expression in rat L6 skeletal myoblasts (C2) | 437 |
| Decreased retrograde transport from Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum in rat kidney and human cervix (HeLa) cells (C2) | 442, 443 |
| Inhibited glucose transport in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes (C2) | 374 |
| Inhibited actin expression in mouse embryocytes (3T3-A31) and rat hepatocytes (C2) | 44, 351, 352 |
| Delayed human cervix (HeLa) cell cycling into mitosis (C2) | 34 |
| Decreased metastasis and invasion of murine BW5147 lymphoma (C2) | 450 |
| Increased endothelial permeability in various species (C2) | 113, 115, 377, 387, 429 |
| Increased exocytosis but decreased endocytosis in rat melanothrophs (CST) | 84, 85 |
| Decreased norepinephrine release from human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (ι) | 454 |
| Decreased integrity of intercellular junctions between polarized human adenocarcinoma colon (CaCo-2) cells (ι) | 356 |
a
Modified from reference 31 with permission.