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. 2016 Dec;57(15):6482–6495. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-20671

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Growth differentiation factor-15 induced SMAD signaling in TM cells. Human TM cells were grown to confluence, serum-starved for 24 hours and treated with GDF-15 (20 ng/ml for 3 and 24 hours), followed by immunoblotting analysis of cell lysates to determine changes in SMAD phosphorylation. The GDF-15–treated TM cells showed a significant increase in the levels of phospho-SMAD 2/3 (A) and SMAD 1/5 (D) relative to control cells. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used to normalize for loading. (B, C, E). Histograms depict the fold change in p-SMADs in GDF-15–treated cells compared to controls based on densitometric analysis. (F) Reverse transcription PCR–based detection of expression of ALK1 in human TM cells derived from different donors. Values are mean ± SEM. n = 4, **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001.