Table I.

Comparison of Current and Existing Tinnitus Models in Terms of Ability to Address Paradoxes in Tinnitus Research^a

	Improvement by auditory nerve section	Exacerbation by auditory nerve section	Occurrence of hearing loss without tinnitus	Onset of tinnitus later than hearing loss	Lack of spontaneous neural correlates in patients versus matched controls	Bidirectional correlation of tinnitus intensity with gamma power
Peripheral	Yes	No	Potentially	Potentially	No	No
Central gain	No	Yes	Potentially	Potentially	No	No
Neural synchrony	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Thalamocortical dysrhythmia	No	Yes	Potentially	Potentially	No	No
Frontostriatal gating	No	Yes	Yes	Potentially	No	No
Filling in	No	Yes	No	Potentially	Potentially	No
Global workspace	N/A	N/A	Yes	Yes	Potentially	No
Precision/predictive coding model	Yes: (i) If precursor origin is peripheral (ii) Deafferentation reduces sensory precision	Yes: (i) If precursor origin is central (increased central gain) (ii) Deafferentation removes constraints on sensory precision	Yes: Adaptive attenuation of sensory precision	Yes: Failure to attenuate sensory precision, which is influenced by many factors, including stress	Yes: Neural correlates of PWPE reflect predisposition to tinnitus rather than to the percept itself	Yes: Hierarchical dissociation of perceptual inference (tinnitus) and concomitant PWPE (gamma)

^aYes, addresses paradox; No, cannot address paradox; Potentially, does not presently address paradox but could do so with amendment; N/A, not applicable.