Table 2.
Change in cognitive scores in children tested at 7 and/or 10.5-years for each 10-fold increase in prenatal DDT/E exposure using GEE and linear regression modelsa
| Cognitive test |
7 and/or 10.5-Years of Age (CHAM1 and CHAM2, n=619b)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT
|
DDE
|
||||
| Mean (SD)c | β (95% CI)d | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | |
|
|
|
||||
| WISC-IV scale | |||||
|
| |||||
| Working memory | 95.3 (12.0) | −1.0 (−2.5,0.5) | 0.19 | −0.5 (−2.3,1.3) | 0.56 |
|
| |||||
| Perceptual reasoning | 95.8 (15.7) | 0.0 (−1.7,1.8) | 0.97 | 0.2 (−1.8,2.3) | 0.82 |
|
| |||||
| Verbal comprehension | 92.3 (17.1) | 0.0 (−1.5,1.6) | 0.99 | 0.2 (−1.6,2.0) | 0.79 |
|
| |||||
| Processing speed | 101.5 (13.4) | −1.1 (−2.7,0.4) | 0.16 | −1.5 (−3.3,0.3) | 0.10 |
|
| |||||
| Full-scale IQ | 94.3 (13.8) | −0.5 (−2.0,1.0) | 0.54 | −0.3 (−2.1,1.5) | 0.75 |
|
| |||||
| Cognitive test | 7-Years of Age (CHAM1, n=316b) | ||||
|
| |||||
|
DDT
|
DDE
|
||||
| Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | |
|
|
|
||||
| WISC-IV scale | |||||
|
| |||||
| Working memory | 93.8 (13.4) | −1.1 (−3.3,1.1) | 0.32 | 0.1 (−2.4,2.6) | 0.94 |
|
| |||||
| Perceptual reasoning | 102.9 (16.1) | −0.3 (−2.7,2.0) | 0.78 | −0.3 (−3.0,2.3) | 0.80 |
|
| |||||
| Verbal comprehension | 106.8 (16.7) | −1.9 (−4.0,0.2) | 0.08 | −1.8 (−4.2,0.6) | 0.14 |
|
| |||||
| Processing speed | 108.3 (13.2) | −2.4 (−4.5,−0.2) | 0.03 | −1.4 (−3.9,1.1) | 0.27 |
|
| |||||
| Full-scale IQ | 104.1 (14.2) | −1.7 (−3.9,0.5) | 0.14 | −1.2 (−3.8,1.3) | 0.33 |
|
| |||||
| Cognitive test | 10.5-Years of Age (CHAM1 and CHAM2, n=595b) | ||||
|
| |||||
|
DDT
|
DDE
|
||||
| Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | |
|
|
|
||||
| WISC-IV scale | |||||
|
| |||||
| Working memory | 96.1 (11.1) | −1.0 (−2.6,0.6) | 0.21 | −0.9 (−2.8,0.9) | 0.33 |
|
| |||||
| Perceptual reasoning | 92.1 (14.2) | 0.2 (−1.6,2.1) | 0.79 | 0.6 (−1.5,2.8) | 0.56 |
|
| |||||
| Verbal comprehension | 84.6 (11.4) | 0.5 (−1.1,2.1) | 0.53 | 0.9 (−0.9,2.8) | 0.32 |
|
| |||||
| Processing speed | 98.2 (12.2) | −0.8 (−2.5,0.9) | 0.38 | −1.6 (−3.5,0.4) | 0.11 |
|
| |||||
| Full-scale IQ | 89.6 (10.8) | −0.2 (−1.8,1.4) | 0.81 | −0.1 (−1.9,1.8) | 0.95 |
a
Adjusted for maternal education, age, parity, PPVT scores, CES-D scores, birth country, and years in the U.S prior to delivery; HOME z-score; language of WISC testing; child sex and age at WISC testing; and household poverty.
b
Depending on WISC index, n ranged from 284–316 for 7-year analysis, 594–595 for the 10.5-year analysis, and 616–619 for the GEE analysis
c
Mean and standard deviation (SD) of WISC indexes. For GEE, average of 7- and 10.5-year visits.
d
β= beta coefficient on regression models, CI= confidence interval