Table 2.
Differences in tips and loading rate among indentation techniques.
| Characteristic | OsteoProbe (IMI) | BioDent (cRPI) | Nanoindentation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indenter shape | 90° spheroconical | 90° spheroconical | Berkovicha |
| Material of test probe | Stainless-steel | Stainless-steel | Diamond |
| Radius of indenter tip | 10 μm | 2.5 μm | – |
| Nominal indent sizeb | 350 μm | 200 μm | 5 μm |
| Maximum force | 40 N | 10 N | 0.03 N |
| Approximate indentation depth | 150 μm–260 μm | 30 μm–70 μm | 0.1–1 μm |
| Time interval of loading | 0.25 ms | 167 msc | 100 ms |
| Effective loading rate | 120,000 N/s | 60 N/s | 0.3 N/s |
a
Berkovich, akin to 3-sided pyramid, is the most widely used tip geometry in the nanoindentation of bone, but spheroconical tips can be accommodated.
b
Diameter of indenter (IMI and cRPI) and edge of tip (nanoindentation) as observed by SEM.
c
With cRPI, there are two cycles of load-dwell-unload in 1 s (2 Hz).