Table 2. Characteristics of studies reviewed with pneumococcal pneumonia as endpoint.
| First Author, year | Country$ | Vaccine | Study design | Case definition | Data source | Age * groups | Years of baseline data | Baseline measure (Rates p. 100,000) | Years of post PCV introduction data | Percent change/effectiveness | Statistical Significance (95% CI or p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afonso, 2013 [25] | Brazil (5 capitals) | PCV-10 | Interrupted time series | ICD10 codes J12-18 | Secondary Hospitalization Data | 2-24m | Jan05-Aug11 | Belo Horizonte 164.3 | 1 | 40 | 27.4–50.9 |
| Curitiba 79.0 | 37.6 | 22.7–49.6 | |||||||||
| Recife 130.4 | 49.3 | 33.1-61-6 | |||||||||
| São Paulo 124.7 | 13.4 | -1.42–26.02 | |||||||||
| Porto Alegre 29.1 | 23.5 | -0.2–41.6 | |||||||||
| Suarez, 2016 [24] | Peru | PCV-10 | Interrupted time series | ICD10 codes J12-18 –(inpatients and outpatients) | Secondary Data | <12m | Jan06-Dec08 | 58.0 | 2 | 20.6 | 10.9–29.5 |
| Death due to pneumonia (ICD10 codes J12-18) | 8 | 2 | 35.0 | 8.6–53.8 | |||||||
| Becker-Dreps, 2013 [33], 2014[21] | Nicaragua (León Department) | PCV-13 | Interrupted time series | X-ray confirmed pneumonia | Hospital population based surveillance | <12m | Jan08-Dec10 | 6440& | 2 | 33 | 25–41 |
| 12-23m | 2490& | 26 | 19–33 | ||||||||
| 24-59m | 27 | 19–34 | |||||||||
| Diaz, 2016 [22] | Chile | PCV-10 | Nested case control | ICD10 codes J13-18 | Secondary Hospitalization Data | 2-23m | 2010/2012#a | 13,210 cases and 52,840 controls | 2#b | 20.7 | 17.3–23.8 |
| Death due to pneumonia (ICD10 codes J13-18) | Secondary Hospitalization Data | 2-23m | 2010–11#a | 36 cases and 144 controls | 2#b | 71.5 | 9–91.8 | ||||
| Hortal, 2014 [17] | Uruguay (2 municipalities) | PCV-13 | Before-after | X-ray confirmed pneumonia | Hospital population based surveillance | <12m | 2001–2004 | 2604& | 4 | 8.8 | NS |
| 12-23m | 2383& | 37.8 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 24-35m | 1349& | 24 | <0.05 | ||||||||
| <60m | 1542& | 20.4 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Hortal, 2014 [34], 2015 [18] & | Uruguay (2 municipalities) | PCV-13 | Cohort | X-ray confirmed pneumonia | Hospital population based surveillance | 0-35m | 2010#a | 1048& vaccinated; 5679& non vaccinated | 3#b | 84.6 | NR |
| Sgambatti, 2014 [28], 2016 [35] | Brazil (Goiania municipality) | PCV-10 | Before-after | X-ray confirmed pneumonia | Hospital based surveillance | <12m | 2007–2009 | 678.8 | 3 | 25.3 | 24.6–26.1 |
| 12-23m | 480.2 | 25.1 | 24–26 | ||||||||
| 24-35m | 240.8 | 11.9 | 11.3–12.7 | ||||||||
| Clinical pneumonia | |||||||||||
| <12m | 287.1 | 12.6 | 12.3–12.9 | ||||||||
| 12-23m | 215.1 | 14.2 | 13.7–14.6 | ||||||||
| 24-35m | 100.9 | 7.4 | 7.1–7.8 | ||||||||
| Scotta, 2014 [27], Pinto, 2013, [36] | Brazil | PCV-10 | Before-after | ICD10 codes J12-J18 | Secondary Hospitalization Data | <12m | 2002–2009 | 2 | 10.4 | NR | |
| 12-35m | 14.2 | NR | |||||||||
| <48m | 2800& | 12.7 | NR | ||||||||
| Gentile, 2014 [38], 2015 [30], 2015 [37] | Argentina (Pilar municipality) | PCV-13 | Before-after | X-ray confirmed pneumonia (inpatients and outpatients) | Hospital population based surveillance | <12m | 2003–2005 | 1922& | 1 | 44.6 | 24.6–59.3 |
| 12-23m | 931& | 57.9 | 31.1–74.2 | ||||||||
| 24-59m | 321& | 18.8 | NS | ||||||||
| <60m | 750& | 39.6 | 25.0–51.3 | ||||||||
| Gaiano; 2013 [29], Vizzotti, 2014 [39], 2014 [40] | Argentina | PCV-13 | Before-after | Clinical pneumonia—(inpatients and outpatients) | Secondary data | <12m | 2011 | 2880 | 1 | 28.06 | 26.5–29.6 |
| 12-24m | 2370 | 30.34 | 28.9–31.8 | ||||||||
| Rearte, 2015 [31] ABSTRACT ONLY | Argentina (Concordia municipality) | PCV-13 | Before-after | X-day confirmed pneumonia (inpatients and outpatients) | Hospital population based surveillance | <60m | 2002–2005 | 732 | 1 | 50.7 | 33–64 |
| Andrade, 2015 [26] POSTER ONLY | Brazil | PCV-10 | Interrupted time series | ICD-10 codes J12-J18 | Secondary Hospitalization Data | 2-23m | 2005–2009 | Not shown | 3 | 16.6 | 1.0–32.1 - |
| 2-11m | 13.6 20 | 3.0–24.3 2.3 | |||||||||
| 12-23m | 20.2 | 381 0.7 | |||||||||
| 24-60m | 14.4 | 28.1 | |||||||||
| Minamisava et al., 2014 [23] ABSTRACT ONLY | Brazil | PCV-10 | Interrupted time series | Death due to pneumonia (ICD10 codes J12-J18) | Mortality Information System | 2-23m | 2005–2009 | Not shown | 2 | 15.5 | -7.2–38.2 |
* Age groups with results of interest for this study; # VT-PCV-13; & rates per person-years
$: When not specified otherwise, country of study refers to nationwide data.
#a: Start of case detection
#b: duration of follow-up/case detection
&: This study reports on the same data/study population as the above (Hortal, 2014) [17] using different study method and considering 2010–2013 as opposed to 2009–2012 post–vaccine period data in the analysis