Fig. 4.
High levels of adoptive mother positive parenting buffered the effect of an inherited fearless temperament on later callous–unemotional behaviour.
***P<0.001. Simple slopes plotted at mean levels, 1 s.d. above the mean, and 1 s.d. below the mean for observed positive reinforcement, as recommended by Aiken et al.35 Observed fearlessness in toddlerhood was related to higher callous–unemotional behaviour at low (B = 0.09, s.e. = 0.03, P<0.001) and mean levels (B = 0.05, s.e. = 0.01, P<0.001) of positive reinforcement but not at high levels (B = 0.01, s.e. = 0.03, P>0.76). Region of significance indicated by grey shading (child fearless temperament scores >0.37).