Figure 3. Altered atrial APs in human ventricular dysfunction. A) Atrial APs from patients with moderate or severe LVSD (bottom) and from patients without LVSD (top) (75). B) Representative AP and response to ACh in isolated atrial myocytes from HF (top) and donor (bottom) hearts at a stimulation frequency of 1 Hz (76). C) Representative APs from a non-dilated (normal, left) and a dilated (right) atrium recorded at a pacing frequency of 1 Hz (80).