|
Traditional Risk factors |
Incidence; hazard ratio and other information |
| 1 |
Age |
Age is one of the key risk factors for AF, hazard ratios range between 1.1 and 5.9 per decade of age [14-16]. |
| 2 |
Gender |
Males have a slightly higher preponderance for AF [67-[71]. |
| 3 |
Endocrine |
Diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism have been recognized as independent risk factors for AF. Blood glucose RR is 1.08 (95% CI=1.03-1.13) [68] |
| 4 |
Hypertension |
The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of AF with a RR of 1.11 (95% CI=1.05-1.18) [68] |
| 5 |
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
CHF is not well defined or used in a broad sense.[72] |
| 6 |
Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) |
VHD is associated with the development of AF and has RR=2.42 (95% CI=1.62-3.6) [68] |
| 7 |
Toxic and Environmental factors |
ETOH abuse and possibly moderate alcohol consumption and smoking are well-established risk markers for AF.[17,24] |
