Figure 4.

sICAM-1 release of the monocultures of Caco-2 ([A], seeded on the upper side of the transwell) and ISO-HAS-1 ([B], seeded on the lower side of the transwell) as well as the coculture Caco-2/ISO-HAS-1 (C).

Notes: All test substances were applied to the apical side (upper well) in mono- as well as cocultures. The various cell culture models were treated with several inflammatory stimuli (LPS, 1 μg/mL; TNF-α, 600 U/mL; INF-γ, 200 U/mL; IL1-β, 100 U/mL; and 3C [cytokine cocktail: TNF-α, INF-γ, IL1-β]) as well as the nanoparticle Ba/Gd (500 μg/mL). Upper columns depict sICAM-1 release into the upper compartments (apical) and the lower columns show sICAM-1 release into the lower compartment (basolateral, depicted as negative value). Data are shown as mean ± SD from at least three separate experiments. Testing for significant differences between means was carried out using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison test at a probability of error of 5% (*), 1% (**), and 0.1% (***).

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SD, standard deviation; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; uc, untreated control.