Table 2.
Outcome measure scores at pretest and two post-tests and results of multivariate analysis of variance test (N=131)
| Instrument | MPGP (n=44)
|
CPGP (n=44)
|
TAU (n=43)
|
F(2,129) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1, M ± SDa | Time 2, M ± SDa | Time 3, M ± SDa | Time 1, M ± SDa | Time 2, M ± SDa | Time 3, M ± SDa | Time 1, M ± SDa | Time 2, M ± SDa | Time 3, M ± SDa | ||
| SLOF (43–215)b | 145.2±16.0, (127.5–160.4) | 162.0±13.8, (147.5–174.1) | 175.8±13.0, (162.0–190.1) | 142.9±15.0, (127.0–158.5) | 149.0±11.1, (138.2–161.5) | 153.5±12.1, (141.2–166.0) | 149.8±16.5, (132.1–167.0) | 142.4±15.1, (128.0–158.1) | 136.0±18.0, (127.6–154.8) | 6.98*** |
| Self-maintenance | 42.3±5.0, (37.0–47.5) | 47.0±6.8, (40.1–53.6) | 51.0±8.9, (42.5–60.0) | 41.0±8.1, (33.2–49.5) | 43.3±8.8, (45.3–52.2) | 44.9±8.9, (36.3–53.6) | 44.2±7.2, (37.1–51.5) | 41.8±9.9, (32.0–51.0) | 40.1±9.8, (31.0–49.8) | 5.63** |
| Social functioning | 46.8±5.8, (40.9–52.9) | 53.6±8.1, (45.0–61.2) | 54.8±9.0, (45.2–63.8) | 46.9±8.2, (38.9–55.3) | 50.0±8.0, (42.0–57.9) | 51.8±7.8, (43.1–59.2) | 49.3±9.0, (40.1–58.2) | 47.0±8.1, (39.5–55.3) | 43.7±10.0, (33.6–53.6) | 4.98** |
| Community living skills | 56.1±8.0, (48.0–64.2) | 61.4±10.0, (51.4–71.4) | 69.0±10.4, (59.5–79.5) | 54.0±8.9, (47.5–63.0) | 55.7±9.9, (45.8–65.5) | 56.8±9.7, (46.9–66.8) | 57.3±8.9, (48.8–67.3) | 54.4±8.0, (46.0–64.0) | 52.0±10.8, (42.3–62.9) | 7.10*** |
| Rehospitalizations | ||||||||||
| Average numberc | 1.7±1.0, (0.7–2.8) | 1.5±0.8, (0.7–2.3) | 1.4±0.7, (0.7–2.1) | 1.6±1.0, (0.6–2.7) | 1.5±1.2, (0.4–2.8) | 1.7±1.5, (0.3–3.3) | 1.6±1.0, (0.6–2.7) | 1.8±1.0, (0.8–2.9) | 1.9±1.2, (0.7–3.2) | 2.78 |
| Durationd | 17.5±4.6, (12.5–22.0) | 15.4±8.2, (7.4–23.5) | 14.4±8.9, (15.9–24.0) | 18.0±5.8, (13.1–23.8) | 17.2±9.0, (9.2–26.5) | 18.0±10.0, (8.0–27.8) | 17.9±8.1, (9.8–26.0) | 19.1±10.5, (9.5–29.8) | 19.3±11.8, (8.3–31.0) | 3.53 |
| Number of patientse hospitalized | [12] | [8] | [5] | [11] | [9] | [12] | [12] | [14] | [16] | 7.02*** |
| PANSS (30–210) | 88.5±15.8, (72.5–94.5) | 80.0±10.2, (70.0–90.0) | 70.0±10.0, (60.0–80.2) | 87.2±6.7, (79.5–93.2) | 83.8±9.2, (74.0–93.0) | 84.1±9.5, (75.8–94.2) | 88.1±9.0, (79.0–93.5) | 90.2±10.1, (80.0–100.5) | 97.8±10.8, (86.8–110.0) | 6.20** |
| Positive symptoms | 26.9±8.3, (18.6–25.2) | 20.8±6.8, (13.4–27.4) | 16.9±6.0, (11.0–22.8) | 26.3±7.0, (19.6–33.5) | 23.8±7.0, (15.8–31.0) | 23.0±9.1, (16.8–32.4) | 26.5±7.0, (19.6–33.6) | 26.9±9.0, (17.0–36.0) | 28.9±9.5, (19.2–38.4) | 6.61** |
| Negative symptoms | 18.8±7.4, (20.2–36.0) | 16.0±7.5, (9.8–23.8) | 14.8±5.2, (9.4–20.0) | 18.0±7.3, (11.0–25.4) | 17.9±8.0, (9.8–26.0) | 18.8±8.9, (9.8–27.5) | 18.1±8.1, (10.0–26.6) | 19.5±9.6, (9.8–29.4) | 20.8±9.8, (11.8–30.8) | 5.06** |
| QPR (0–88) | 38.9±9.8, (28.9–28.8) | 41.5±10.0, (31.4–42.0) | 47.2±10.4, (36.8–57.6) | 38.0±8.1, (39.8–36.4) | 38.2±5.2, (33.2–43.6) | 40.5±7.2, (32.5–47.8) | 37.5±6.5, (31.8–44.0) | 35.2±6.8, (29.0–42.2) | 34.0±6.3, (28.0–40.6) | 5.83** |
| ITAQ (0–22) | 10.1±4.2, (6.0–14.6) | 12.5±6.0, (6.4–18.8) | 15.5±8.1, (7.2–23.8) | 11.9±4.3, (7.0–16.2) | 12.2±5.0, (7.2–17.4) | 12.8±4.8, (7.8–17.4) | 12.9±4.0, (8.8–17.0) | 12.0±3.3, (9.0–15.4) | 11.4±4.9, (6.5–16.4) | 5.10* |
| FFMQ (5–25) | 13.8±3.9a, (9.8–17.6) | 17.5±5.1, (12.8–22.8) | 7.12f,** | |||||||
Notes: Time 1, baseline measurement at the start of intervention; Time 2, 1-week postintervention; Time 3, 6-month postintervention.
95% Confidence interval values in parentheses.
Possible range of scores of each scale in parentheses.
Average number of readmissions to a psychiatric hospital or inpatient unit over the previous 6 months at the three measurements (times 1–3).
Duration/length of readmissions to a psychiatric ward/unit in terms of average number of days of hospital stay over the previous 6 months at times 1–3.
Total number of patients in each group being hospitalized over the last 6 months at times 1–3 indicated in parentheses.
Paired-sample t-test value showing the statistical differences on the mean scores of mindfulness practice performance in the MPGP between time 2 and time 3.
P<0.01,
P<0.005;
P<0.001.
Abbreviations: CPGP, conventional psychoeducation group program; FFMQ, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; ITAQ, Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire; M, mean; MPGP, mindfulness-based psychoeducation group program; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; QPR, Questionnaire for the Process of Recovery; SD, standard deviation; SLOF, Specific Level of Functioning Scale; TAU, treatment-as-usual.