Table 1. GFs released from PRP.

Growth factor	Source	Target	Function	Reference
Platelet-derived growth factor	Platelet, macrophages, monocytes, smooth muscle, degranulating platelets, endothelial cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mesenchymal stem cells.	Smooth muscle, fibroblasts, glial cell	Cell proliferation, neutrophil chemotaxis, inducing cells to migrate toward the wound, collagen production, blood vessel repair and regeneration, connective tissue healing, Increases mitogenesis in smooth muscle cells/glial cells/fibroblasts,angiogenesis and macrophage activation, Differentiation of fibroblasts, collagenase secretion	88
Transforming growth factor-beta	Platelet, T-lymphocyte, macrophage, neutrophil, osteoblasts, macrophages, platelets, bone matrix	Fibroblast, stem cell, endothelial cell, epithelial cell, pre-osteoblast,	Stimulation/inhibition of endothelial, osteoblastic and fibroblastic chemotaxis and angiogenesis, collagenase secretion, mitogenesis of other GFs, increase fibroblast and osteoblast mitosis, promotion of wound healing, bone matrix formation, growth and neurogenesis of epithelial cells, Regulation of the balance between fibrosis and myocyte regeneration, stimulation of proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells, inhibition of replication of most cells in vitro, inhibition of MMP production.	89
Insulin-like growth factor	Osteoblasts, monocytes, chondrocyte, Macrophage, Plasma stored in bone, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells,liver	Osteoblasts, fibroblast,chondrocyte	Bone matrix formation, increase cartilage growth, wound healing, proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells, mitogenic for osteoblasts, fibroblasts and endothelial cells,	90
Vascular endothelial growth factor	Platelet	Endothelial cells	Angiogenesis and increased capillary permeability, expression increased in presence of hypoxia,	91
Epidermal growth factor	Submaxillary gland, brunner’s gland. Macrophage and platelets.	Epidermal cells,	Epithelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis and promotion of wound healing, induction of basal membrane formation, keratinocyte migration and granulation tissue formation.	92
Fibroblast growth factor	Mast cells,Macrophage, osteoblasts and immature chondrocytes.	Fibroblasts, endothelial cells	Cell growth, tissue repair, collagen production, hyaluronic acid production	93
Keratinocyte growth factor	Platelets	keratinocytes	Proliferation, differentiation and regeneration of keratinocytes	94
Connective tissue growth factor	Platelets	vascular endothelial cells, epithelial cells, neuronal cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and cells of supportive skeletal tissues	Increased wound healing, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, tissue repair fibrosis.	95
Interleukin-8	Macrophages, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells,keratinocytes	Neutrophil, endothelial cells,macrophages, mast cells, and keratinocytes	Induction of chemotaxis in target cells and stimulate their migration toward site of infection, pro-inflammatory, recruiting fibroblasts and endothelial cells	96
Platelet derived angiogenesis growth factor	Platelet, endothelial cells	Endothelial cells	Angiogenesis, increased capillary permeability, stimulation of endothelial cells mitogenesis	97
Platelet factor-4	Platelet	Neutrophil, fibroblasts	Chemotaxis of neutrophils and fibroblasts, potent anti-heparin agent	98

Abbrevations: GF, growth factor; PRP, platelet-rich plasma.