Table 1. Toxicity of insecticides on H. axyridis, C. sinica and T. remus larvae and H. axyridis, C. sinica, S. manilae and T. remus adult.
| Natural enemy | Insecticides | Slope ± SE | LC50 (mg a.i. liter−1) | 95% confidence limits | RQa | Categoryb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. axyridis | Larvae | emamectin benzoate | 1.68 ± 0.20 | 13.31 | 10.75~16.86 | 0.17 | 1 |
| spinosad | 1.63 ± 0.20 | 6.11 | 4.90~7.92 | 2.45 | 1 | ||
| indoxacarb | 2.06 ± 0.23 | 0.033 | 0.027~0.040 | 681.82 | 2 | ||
| chlorpyrifos | 2.20 ± 0.25 | 2.06 | 1.72~2.56 | 291.26 | 2 | ||
| alpha-cypermethrin | 1.89 ± 0.21 | 0.61 | 0.50~0.75 | 36.89 | 1 | ||
| tebufenozide | 1.79 ± 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.11~0.16 | 1442.31 | 2 | ||
| chlorfenapyr | 2.18 ± 0.23 | 11.07 | 9.30~13.38 | 6.78 | 1 | ||
| chlorantraniliprole | 2.54 ± 0.28 | 4.36 | 3.69~5.30 | 5.16 | 1 | ||
| methomyl | 2.06 ± 0.23 | 0.015 | 0.012~0.018 | 17500 | 3 | ||
| Adult | emamectin benzoate | 1.87 ± 0.21 | 78.95 | 64.74~99.04 | 0.028 | 1 | |
| spinosad | 2.03 ± 0.22 | 32.26 | 26.77~39.86 | 0.46 | 1 | ||
| indoxacarb | 1.43 ± 0.19 | 43.1 | 33.18~55.16 | 0.52 | 1 | ||
| chlorpyrifos | 2.38 ± 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.034~0.048 | 15000 | 3 | ||
| alpha-cypermethrin | 1.71 ± 0.21 | 1.91 | 1.53~2.51 | 11.78 | 1 | ||
| tebufenozide | 1.37 ± 0.19 | 0.48 | 0.37~0.68 | 390.63 | 2 | ||
| chlorfenapyr | 1.40 ± 0.20 | 0.98 | 0.75~1.39 | 76.53 | 2 | ||
| chlorantraniliprole | 1.93 ± 0.21 | 57.88 | 47.78~70.69 | 0.39 | 1 | ||
| methomyl | 2.01 ± 0.21 | 51.12 | 42.39~61.75 | 5.13 | 1 | ||
| C. sinica | Larvae | emamectin benzoate | >3.33 | <1 | 1 | ||
| spinosad | >22.22 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| indoxacarb | >33.33 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| chlorpyrifos | >888.89 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| alpha-cypermethrin | >33.33 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| tebufenozide | >277.78 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| chlorfenapyr | >111.11 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| chlorantraniliprole | >33.33 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| methomyl | >388.89 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| Adult | emamectin benzoate | 1.94 ± 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.20~0.29 | 9.38 | 1 | |
| spinosad | 1.55 ± 0.19 | 22.77 | 17.91~28.71 | 0.66 | 1 | ||
| indoxacarb | 2.12 ± 0.22 | 0.029 | 0.025~0.035 | 775.86 | 2 | ||
| chlorpyrifos | 1.71 ± 0.20 | 0.63 | 0.51~0.78 | 952.38 | 2 | ||
| alpha-cypermethrin | 1.72 ± 0.20 | 1.81 × 10−3 | 1.44 × 10−3 ~2.24 × × 10−3 | 12430.9 | 3 | ||
| tebufenozide | 1.87 ± 0.21 | 34.16 | 27.92~43.31 | 5.49 | 1 | ||
| chlorfenapyr | 1.90 ± 0.21 | 6.00 × 10−5 | 5.00 × 10−5~7.00 × 10−5 | 1.25 × 106 | 3 | ||
| chlorantraniliprole | 1.98 ± 0.21 | 29.09 | 24.11~35.35 | 0.77 | 1 | ||
| methomyl | 1.94 ± 0.21 | 2.40 × 10−3 | 1.97 × 10−3 ~2.90 × 10−3 | 1.33 × 105 | 3 | ||
| S. manilae | Adult | emamectin benzoate | 2.45 ± 0.24 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 2.60 × 10−4~3.60 × 10−4 | 7500 | 3 |
| spinosad | 2.51 ± 0.24 | 5.76 × 10−3 | 4.92 × 10−3~6.78 × 10−3 | 2604.17 | 3 | ||
| indoxacarb | 0.98 ± 0.14 | 0.084 | 0.052~0.17 | 267.86 | 2 | ||
| chlorpyrifos | 2.33 ± 0.24 | 0.071 | 0.060~0.085 | 8450.7 | 3 | ||
| alpha-cypermethrin | 2.55 ± 0.26 | 3.20 × 10−5 | 2.73 × 10−5~3.79 × 10−5 | 7.03 × 105 | 3 | ||
| tebufenozide | 1.18 ± 0.13 | 9.35 × 10−5 | 6.78 × 10−5~1.28 × 10−4 | 2.01 × 106 | 3 | ||
| chlorfenapyr | 2.15 ± 0.22 | 1.05 × 10−3 | 8.80 × 10−4~1.26 × 10−3 | 71428.6 | 3 | ||
| chlorantraniliprole | 2.09 ± 0.22 | 2.75 | 2.30~3.35 | 8.18 | 1 | ||
| methomyl | 2.61 ± 0.28 | 4.81 × 10−6 | 4.10 × 10−6~5.76 × 10−6 | 5.46 × 107 | 3 | ||
| T. remus | Larvae | emamectin benzoate | >3.33 | <1 | 1 | ||
| spinosad | >22.22 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| indoxacarb | >33.33 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| chlorpyrifos | >888.89 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| alpha-cypermethrin | >33.33 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| tebufenozide | >277.78 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| chlorfenapyr | >111.11 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| chlorantraniliprole | >33.33 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| methomyl | >388.89 | <1 | 1 | ||||
| Adult | emamectin benzoate | <1 × 10−9 | >2.25 × 109 | 3 | |||
| spinosad | <1 × 10−7 | >1.50 × 108 | 3 | ||||
| indoxacarb | <1 × 10−9 | >2.25 × 1010 | 3 | ||||
| chlorpyrifos | <1 × 10−9 | >6.00 × 1011 | 3 | ||||
| alpha-cypermethrin | <1 × 10−12 | >2.25 × 1013 | 3 | ||||
| tebufenozide | <1 × 10−10 | >1.88 × 1012 | 3 | ||||
| chlorfenapyr | <1 × 10−6 | >7.50 × 107 | 3 | ||||
| chlorantraniliprole | <1 × 10−5 | >2.25 × 106 | 3 | ||||
| methomyl | <1 × 10−7 | >2.63 × 109 | 3 |
RQa, risk quotient = recommended field rate (g a.i. ha−1)/LC50 of H. axyridis, C. sinica and T. remus larvae and H. axyridis, C. sinica, S. manilae and T. remus adult (mg mg a.i. liter−1).
Categoryb, 1: safe; 2: slightly to moderately toxic; 3: dangerously toxic.