Table 1.
Characteristics of patients in HIV care in a rural and an urban clinic, Zomba District, Malawi
| Characteristics | Total | Rural | Urban | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Number of patients | 952 | 472 (49.6) | 480 (50.4) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 683 (71.7) | 334 (70.8) | 349 (72.7) | 0.505 |
| Male | 269 (28.3) | 138 (29.2) | 131 (27.3 | |
| Age in years (N = 952) | 0.250 | |||
| 18–34 | 210 (22.1) | 111 (23.5) | 99 (20.6) | |
| 35–44 | 361 (37.9) | 182 (38.6) | 179 (37.3) | |
| 45–54 | 238 (25.0) | 105 (22.3) | 133 (27.7) | |
| ≥ 55 | 143 (15.0) | 74 (15.7) | 69 (14.4) | |
| Mean age (SD) in years | 43.0 (10.2) | 42.7 (10.6) | 43.2 (9.8) | 0.471 |
| Educational status | ||||
| None | 204 (21.5) | 143 (30.3) | 61 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Standard 1–8 | 576 (60.6) | 283 (60.0) | 293 (61.2) | |
| Secondary & above | 171 (18.0) | 46 (9.8) | 125 (26.1) | |
| Household size mean (SD) | 2.58 (1.26) | 2.55 (1.17) | 2.62 (1.35) | 0.401 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | 112 (11.8) | 17 (3.6) | 95 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 255 (26.8) | 38 (8.1) | 217 (45.2) | |
| Self Employed | 585 (61.5) | 417 (88.4) | 168 (35.0) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Vigorously active | 854 (89.7) | 458 (97.0) | 396 (82.5) | <0.001 |
| Moderately active | 90 (9.5) | 11 (2.3) | 79 (16.5) | |
| Inactive individuals | 8 (0.8) | 3 (0.6) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Dietary history | ||||
| Mean days of fruit consumption/wk (SD) | 2.63 (2.06) | 2.31 (1.87) | 2.98 (2.20) | <0.001 |
| Mean servings of fruit/day (SD) | 1.25 (0.76) | 1.20 (0.74) | 1.31 (0.79) | 0.028 |
| Mean days of vegetables consumption/wk (SD) | 5.13 (1.95) | 4.51 (1.88) | 5.73 (1.83) | <0.001 |
| Mean servings of vegetables/day (SD) | 1.81 (0.49) | 1.77 (0.50) | 1.85 (0.47) | 0.006 |
| Tobacco | ||||
| Ever smoked tobacco | 117 (12.3) | 50 (10.6) | 67 (14.0) | 0.114 |
| Current tobacco smokers | 34 (3.6) | 19 (4.3) | 15 (3.1) | 0.454 |
| Daily tobacco smoker | 25 (2.6) | 15 (3.2) | 10 (2.1) | 0.291 |
| Current smokeless tobacco users | 21 (2.2) | 15 (3.2) | 6 (1.3) | 0.041 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Used alcohol in the past 30 days (current drinker) | 61 (6.4) | 33 (7.0) | 28 (5.8) | 0.466 |
| Used alcohol in the past 12 months | 97 (10.2) | 56 (11.9) | 41 (8.5) | 0.090 |
| Self-report of previous stroke | ||||
| Yes | 41 (4.3) | 26 (5.5) | 15 (3.1) | 0.070 |
| No | 909 (95.7) | 445 (94.5) | 464 (96.9) | |
| Self-report of previous myocardial infarction | ||||
| Yes | 211 (22.2) | 113 (24.0) | 98 (20.5) | 0.190 |
| No | 739 (77.8) | 358 (76.0) | 381 (79.5) | |
| ART Status | ||||
| On ART | 913 (95.9) | 443 (93.9) | 470 (97.9) | 0.002 |
| Pre-ART | 39 (4.1) | 29 (6.1) | 10 (2.1) | |
| Mean HIV infection duration (SD), months | 55.4 (31.7) | 49.7 (32.2) | 61.0 (30.2) | <0.001 |
| Mean ART duration (SD), months | 47.7 (29.3) | 42.1 (29.0) | 53.0 (28.7) | <0.001 |
| CD4 count at ART initiation, mean (SD) (n = 632) | 217.5 (114.6) | 216.9 (121.0) | 218.1 (108.2) | 0.898 |
| WHO stage at ART initiation | ||||
| WHO Stage 1 | 275 (30.1) | 171 (38.6) | 104 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| WHO Stage 2 | 306 (33.5) | 139 (31.4) | 167 (35.5) | |
| WHO Stage 3 | 270 (29.5) | 110 (24.8) | 160 (34.0) | |
| WHO Stage 4 | 63 (6.9) | 23 (5.2) | 40 (8.5) | |
| Current ART Regimen | ||||
| 2Aa | 107 (11.7) | 33 (7.5) | 74 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| 5Ab | 775 (84.9) | 397 (89.6) | 378 (80.4) | |
| Other | 31 (3.4) | 13 (2.9) | 18 (3.8) | |
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 21.9 (3.4) | 21.3 (3.2) | 22.6 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI categories, n (%) | ||||
| Under weight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 102 (10.7) | 65 (13.8) | 37 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Normal (18.5–25 kg/m2) | 682 (71.6) | 349 (73.9) | 333 (69.4) | |
| Over weight (>25–30 kg/m2) | 132 (13.9) | 45 (9.5) | 87 (18.1) | |
| Obesity (>30 kg/m2) | 36 (3.8) | 13 (2.8) | 23 (4.8) | |
| Waist to hip ratio, n (%) | ||||
| High | 249 (26.9) | 122 (27.1) | 127 (26.6) | 0.867 |
| Normal | 678 (73.1) | 328 (72.9) | 350 (73.4) | |
| Proteinuria | ||||
| Normal (negative or trace) | 928 (97.9) | 470 (99.6) | 458 (97.9) | 0.001 |
| 1+ | 13 (1.4) | 2 (0.4) | 11 (2.3) | |
| 2+ | 7 (0.7) | 0 | 7 (1.5) | |
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index
a2A, generic single tablet formulation of zidovudine, lamivudine, nevirapine
b5A, generic single tablet formulation of tenofovir, lamivudine, efavirenz