Table 2.
Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemias, elevated cardio/cerebro-vascular disease risk and proteinuria among patients at a rural and an urban HIV clinic in Zomba District, Malawi
| Outcomes | Overall | Rural | Urban | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (%) | 95% CI | n/N (%) | 95% CI | n/N (%) | 95% CI | ||
| Hypertension | 226/952 (23.7%) | 21.1–26.6 | 99/472 (21.0) | 17.5–24.9 | 127/480 (26.5) | 22.7–30.6 | 0.047 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39/952 (4.1%) | 3.0–5.6 | 16/472 (3.4) | 2.1–5.5 | 23/480 (4.8) | 3.2–7.1 | 0.275 |
| Hypertension + diabetes mellitus | 11/952 (1.2%) | 0.6–2.1 | 3/472 (0.6) | 0.2–1.9 | 8/480 (1.7) | 0.8–3.3 | 0.137 |
| Raised total cholesterol | 86/554 (15.5%) | 12.7–18.8 | 44/277 (15.9) | 10.0–20.7 | 42/277 (15.2) | 11.4–90.9 | 0.814 |
| Decreased HDL cholesterol | 88/554 (15.9%) | 13.1–19.2 | 46/277 (16.6) | 12.7–21.5 | 42/277 (15.2) | 11.4–19.9 | 0.642 |
| Raised total/HDL cholesterol ratio | 21/554 (3.8%) | 2.5–5.6 | 11/277 (4.0) | 2.2–7.1 | 10/277 (3.6) | 1.9–6.6 | 0.842 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 159/554 (28.7%) | 25.1–32.6 | 87/277 (31.4) | 26.2–37.1 | 72/277 (26.0) | 21.1–31.5 | 0.159 |
| Framingham score, risk >20%a | 13/551 (2.4%) | 1.4–4.0 | 8/277 (2.9) | 1.4–5.7 | 5/274 (1.8) | 0.8–4.3 | 0.411 |
| WHO/ISH score, risk >20%a | 13/379 (3.4%) | 2.0–5.8 | 6/180 (3.3) | 1.5–7.3 | 7/199 (3.5) | 1.8–7.2 | 0.922 |
| Proteinuriab | 20/948 (2.1%) | 1.4–3.2 | 2/472 (0.4%) | 0.1–1.7 | 18/476 (3.8%) | 2.4–6.0 | 0.001 |
n numerator, d denominator, HDL high-density lipoprotein, WHO World Health Organization, ISH International Society for Hypertension
aIndicating the risk of experiencing a fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke in the next 10 years
bGrade 1+ and 2+ proteinuria as determined by dipstick urine testing