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. 2016 Dec 12;18:291. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1189-5

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Effects of the combination of hyaluronic acid and adelmidrol on plasma cytokines and nerve growth factor (NGF) in osteoarthritis (OA) rats. MIA-induced OA and tissue sample processing were carried out as detailed in the Methods section. Increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (a), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) (b), and NGF (c) plasma levels were detected in the MIA + solvent and MIA + 1.0% sodium hyaluronate groups after MIA administration. OA rats treated with the indicated doses of adelmidrol and HA exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in the plasma levels of all the measured parameters. Values are shown as mean ± SEM of 10 animals for each group. *P < 0.05 versus sham, °P < 0.05 versus MIA + vehicle.