Table 4.
Characteristic | Positive PCR | Negative PCR | OR (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) (N = 79) | n (%) (N = 47) | |||
Demographic | ||||
Country | ||||
Nepal | 21 (26.6) | 16 (34.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.37 |
India | 27 (34.2) | 9 (19.1) | 2.1 (0.9–5.9) | 0.07 |
Bangladesh | 12 (15.2) | 8 (17.0) | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) | 0.79 |
Sri Lanka | 11 (13.9) | 8 (17.0) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) | 0.64 |
Philippines | 4 (5.1) | 2 (4.3) | 1.2 (0.2–13.7) | 0.84 |
International travel within 21 days of presentation | 6 (7.6) | 2 (4.3) | 1.8 (0.3–19.4) | 0.46 |
Living with ≥ 6 roommates | 33 (42.9) | 17 (36.2) | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | 0.46 |
Meals prepared at home† | 54 (68.3) | 35 (74.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.47 |
Cooking stove in home | 56 (70.1) | 31 (67.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.8) | 0.68 |
Refrigerator in home | 43 (54.4) | 24 (52.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.81 |
Clinical | ||||
Location of treatment | ||||
Emergency department | 21 (26.9) | 8 (17.0) | 1.8 (0.7–5.2) | 0.20 |
Symptom duration > 2 days | 19 (24.1) | 13 (27.7) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.65 |
Symptoms | ||||
Abdominal cramps | 70 (88.6) | 33 (70.2) | 3.3 (1.2–9.5) | 0.01 |
Fatigue | 62 (78.5) | 35 (74.5) | 1.3 (0.5–3.1) | 0.60 |
Fever | 36 (45.6) | 17 (36.2) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | 0.30 |
Chills | 29 (36.7) | 14 (30.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | 0.43 |
Headache | 36 (45.6) | 14 (29.8) | 1.9 (0.9–4.6) | 0.08 |
Body aches | 37 (46.8) | 15 (31.9) | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 0.10 |
Nausea | 24 (30.3) | 7 (14.9) | 2.5 (0.9–7.5) | 0.05 |
Vomiting | 24 (30.3) | 9 (19.2) | 1.8 (0.7–5.0) | 0.16 |
Bloody diarrhea | 5 (6.3) | 2 (4.2) | 1.5 (0.2–16.5) | 0.62 |
≥ 6 stools per day | 45 (56.9) | 24 (51.1) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 0.52 |
Temperature ≥ 38.5°C (N = 107) | 7 (10.1) | 2 (5.2) | 2.0 (0.4–21.0) | 0.38 |
Heart rate ≥ 90 beats per minute (N = 107) | 23 (33.3) | 5 (13.2) | 3.3 (1.1–12.2) | 0.02 |
Laboratory data (N = 125) | ||||
≥ 1 fecal leukocytes/high-power field | 70 (89.7) | 43 (91.5) | 0.8 (0.2–3.3) | 0.75 |
> 5 leukocytes/high-power field | 33 (42.3) | 19 (40.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.84 |
> 25 leukocytes/high-power field | 15 (19.2) | 11 (23.4) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.58 |
Red blood cells present | 33 (42.3) | 19 (40.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.84 |
Mucous present | 34 (43.6) | 15 (31.9) | 1.6 (0.7–3.8) | 0.20 |
Treatment | ||||
Receipt of any empiric antimicrobial | 56 (70.9) | 29 (61.7) | 1.5 (0.6–3.5) | 0.29 |
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; PCR = polymerase chain reaction.
The reference group for each characteristic was all study subjects who did not report that characteristic. The reference group for Nepal, for example, included subjects from all other countries.
Compared with meals prepared at workplace cafeteria, catering company, or restaurant.