Table 4.
Univariate analysis of the prevalence of various demographic and clinical characteristics in patients with positive and negative multiplex PCR results*
| Characteristic | Positive PCR | Negative PCR | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) (N = 79) | n (%) (N = 47) | |||
| Demographic | ||||
| Country | ||||
| Nepal | 21 (26.6) | 16 (34.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.37 |
| India | 27 (34.2) | 9 (19.1) | 2.1 (0.9–5.9) | 0.07 |
| Bangladesh | 12 (15.2) | 8 (17.0) | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) | 0.79 |
| Sri Lanka | 11 (13.9) | 8 (17.0) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) | 0.64 |
| Philippines | 4 (5.1) | 2 (4.3) | 1.2 (0.2–13.7) | 0.84 |
| International travel within 21 days of presentation | 6 (7.6) | 2 (4.3) | 1.8 (0.3–19.4) | 0.46 |
| Living with ≥ 6 roommates | 33 (42.9) | 17 (36.2) | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | 0.46 |
| Meals prepared at home† | 54 (68.3) | 35 (74.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.47 |
| Cooking stove in home | 56 (70.1) | 31 (67.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.8) | 0.68 |
| Refrigerator in home | 43 (54.4) | 24 (52.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.81 |
| Clinical | ||||
| Location of treatment | ||||
| Emergency department | 21 (26.9) | 8 (17.0) | 1.8 (0.7–5.2) | 0.20 |
| Symptom duration > 2 days | 19 (24.1) | 13 (27.7) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.65 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Abdominal cramps | 70 (88.6) | 33 (70.2) | 3.3 (1.2–9.5) | 0.01 |
| Fatigue | 62 (78.5) | 35 (74.5) | 1.3 (0.5–3.1) | 0.60 |
| Fever | 36 (45.6) | 17 (36.2) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | 0.30 |
| Chills | 29 (36.7) | 14 (30.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | 0.43 |
| Headache | 36 (45.6) | 14 (29.8) | 1.9 (0.9–4.6) | 0.08 |
| Body aches | 37 (46.8) | 15 (31.9) | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 0.10 |
| Nausea | 24 (30.3) | 7 (14.9) | 2.5 (0.9–7.5) | 0.05 |
| Vomiting | 24 (30.3) | 9 (19.2) | 1.8 (0.7–5.0) | 0.16 |
| Bloody diarrhea | 5 (6.3) | 2 (4.2) | 1.5 (0.2–16.5) | 0.62 |
| ≥ 6 stools per day | 45 (56.9) | 24 (51.1) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 0.52 |
| Temperature ≥ 38.5°C (N = 107) | 7 (10.1) | 2 (5.2) | 2.0 (0.4–21.0) | 0.38 |
| Heart rate ≥ 90 beats per minute (N = 107) | 23 (33.3) | 5 (13.2) | 3.3 (1.1–12.2) | 0.02 |
| Laboratory data (N = 125) | ||||
| ≥ 1 fecal leukocytes/high-power field | 70 (89.7) | 43 (91.5) | 0.8 (0.2–3.3) | 0.75 |
| > 5 leukocytes/high-power field | 33 (42.3) | 19 (40.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.84 |
| > 25 leukocytes/high-power field | 15 (19.2) | 11 (23.4) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.58 |
| Red blood cells present | 33 (42.3) | 19 (40.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.84 |
| Mucous present | 34 (43.6) | 15 (31.9) | 1.6 (0.7–3.8) | 0.20 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Receipt of any empiric antimicrobial | 56 (70.9) | 29 (61.7) | 1.5 (0.6–3.5) | 0.29 |
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; PCR = polymerase chain reaction.
*
The reference group for each characteristic was all study subjects who did not report that characteristic. The reference group for Nepal, for example, included subjects from all other countries.
†
Compared with meals prepared at workplace cafeteria, catering company, or restaurant.