Table 3.
Imported or latent infections of the study cohort according to geographic area
| Total | Latin America | Sub-Saharan Africa | North Africa and Middle East | Asia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 1/42 (2.4%) | 0/24 | 1/7 (14.3%) | 0/7 | 0/4 |
| Hepatitis C infection | 3 (7.1%) | 0/24 | 1/7 (14.3%) | 1/7 (14.3%) | 1/4 (25%) |
| Hepatitis B infection | |||||
| HBsAg (+) and anti-HBc (+) | 1 (2.4%) | 0/24 | 0/7 | 0/7 | 1/4 (25%) |
| HBsAg (−) and anti-HBc (+) | 9 (21.4%) | 0/23 | 6/7 (85.7%) | 2/7 (28.6%) | 0/4 |
| Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 | 1/18 (5.6%) | 1/8 (12.5%) | 0/6 | 0/2 | 0/2 |
| Strongyloides stercoralis (by any mean) | 3/34 (8.8%) | 3/21 (14.3%) | 0/7 | 0/6 | 0/3 |
| Schistosomiasis (serologic results) | 0/14 | 0/5 | 0/7 | N/A | 0/1 |
| Parasites in feces (other than Strongyloides) | |||||
| Blastocystis hominis | 5/33 (15.2%) | 4/20 (20%) | 1/7 (14.3%) | 0/5 | 0/3 |
| Entamoeba coli | 1/33 (3%) | 0/20 | 1/7 (14.3%) | 0/5 | 0/3 |
| Treponema pallidum infection | |||||
| Latent syphilis | 1/39 (2.6%) | 1/22 (4.5%) | 0/6 | 0/7 | 0/4 |
| Syphilitic serological scar | 3/39 (7.7%) | 2/22 (9.1%) | 0/6 | 1/7 (17.3%) | 0/4 |
| Latent tuberculosis infection* | 13/36 (36.1%) | 4/19 (21.1%) | 4/7 (57.4%) | 5/7 (71.4%) | 0/3 |
| Toxoplasma (positive IgG serology) | 21/35 (60%) | 13/21 (61.9%) | 4/4 (100%) | 4/6 (66.7%) | 0/4 |
| Chagas disease | 2/20 (10%) | 2/20 (10%) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Dimorphic fungus | 0/20 | 0/18 | 0/2 | N/A | N/A |
| Leishmania | 0/23 | 0/13 | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/2 |
| Malaria | 0/21 | 0/13 | 0/6 | N/A | 0/2 |
HBsAg = Hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBc = hepatitis B core antibody; N/A = not applicable. Quantitative variables are shown as total number and frequencies.
*
Any positive purified protein derivative or interferon gamma release assay was considered as latent tuberculosis infection. Interferon gamma release assays indeterminate results were considered positive. PPDs were considered positive if the induration was higher than 5 mm.