Table 3. Logistic regression analysis of cardiovascular risk factors in children born preterm in comparison to same-aged controls born at term.
| Outcome variable and analysis modelb | β coefficient | p value | OR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic cardiovascular parameters | |||
| Systolic blood pressurec | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.155 | <0.001 | 3.2 (2.0,5.0) |
| Model A | 1.092 | <0.001 | 3.0 (1.7,5.1) |
| Model B | 1.393 | <0.001 | 4.0 (2.1,7.5) |
| Mean blood pressurec | |||
| Unadjusted | -0.187 | 0.236 | 0.8 (0.6,1.1) |
| Model A | -0.171 | 0.366 | 0.8 (0.6,1.2) |
| Model B | -0.036 | 0.860 | 1.0 (0.6,1.4) |
| Diastolic blood pressurec | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.441 | 0.008 | 1.6 (1.1,2.2) |
| Model A | 0.359 | 0.071 | 1.4 (1.0,2.1) |
| Model B | 0.451 | 0.033 | 1.6 (1.0,2.4) |
| Aortic intima-media thicknessc | |||
| Unadjusted | -0.067 | 0.681 | 0.9 (0.7,1.3) |
| Model A | -0.129 | 0.516 | 0.9 (0.6,1.3) |
| Model B | -0.148 | 0.526 | 0.9 (0.5,1.4) |
| Glucose homeostasis | |||
| Fasting glucosec,d | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.644 | <0.001 | 5.2 (2.7,10.1) |
| Model A | 1.643 | <0.001 | 5.2 (2.5,10.5) |
| Model B | 1.700 | <0.001 | 5.5 (2.6,11.6) |
| Fasting insulinc,d | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.304 | 0.175 | 1.4 (0.9,2.1) |
| Model A | 0.326 | 0.211 | 1.4 (0.8,2.3) |
| Model B | 0.473 | 0.110 | 1.6 (0.9,2.9) |
| HOMA indexc,d | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.496 | 0.036 | 1.6 (1.0,2.6) |
| Model A | 0.529 | 0.053 | 1.7 (1.0,2.9) |
| Model B | 0.700 | 0.026 | 2.0 (1.1,3.7) |
| Lipid profiles | |||
| Total cholesterolc | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.744 | 0.002 | 2.1 (1.3,3.4) |
| Model A | 0.767 | 0.003 | 2.2 (1.3,3.6) |
| Model B | 0.909 | 0.001 | 2.5 (1.4,4.3) |
| LDL cholesterolc | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.539 | 0.019 | 1.7 (1.1,2.7) |
| Model A | 0.500 | 0.039 | 1.6 (1.0,2.7) |
| Model B | 0.602 | 0.017 | 1.8 (1.1,3.0) |
| HDL cholesterolc | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.898 | <0.001 | 2.5 (1.5,4.0) |
| Model A | 1.046 | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.6,5.1) |
| Model B | 1.193 | <0.001 | 3.3 (1.7,6.2) |
| Triglyceridesc,d | |||
| Unadjusted | -0.057 | 0.780 | 0.9 (0.6,1.4) |
| Model A | -0.034 | 0.876 | 1.0 (0.6,1.5) |
| Model B | -0.015 | 0.949 | 1.0 (0.6,1.5) |
| Adipocytokines | |||
| Adiponectinc,d | |||
| Unadjusted | -0.152 | 0.512 | 0.9 (0.5,1.4) |
| Model A | -0.152 | 0.563 | 0.9 (0.5,1.4) |
| Model B | -0.072 | 0.806 | 0.9 (0.5,1.6) |
| Leptinc,d | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.319 | 0.205 | 1.4 (0.8,2.3) |
| Model A | 0.430 | 0.158 | 1.5 (0.8,2.8) |
| Model B | 1.227 | 0.007 | 3.4 (1.4,8.3) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease (positive family history of CVD defined as diagnosis of coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, congenital heart disease or stroke in first-degree male relative of child and/or parent under the age of 55 or first-degree female relative of child and/or parent under the age of 65); HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment (index calculated as fasting insulin [mU/l] times fasting glucose [mg/dl], divided by 405); LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio.
a Odds ratios were calculated for former preterm infants in relation to same-aged children born at term.
b Model A was adjusted for age at examination and gender, birth weight z-score, smoking during pregnancy, maternal educational status and positive family history of CVD. Model B was adjusted for all parameters of model A plus current BMI z-score, and childhood nutrition profile.
c Odds ratios are reported as odds ratio per SD increase.
d Input data were logarithmically transformed for analyses.