Table 4.

Median 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations (creatinine-adjusted, μg/g creatinine) in select studies.

Population	N	Median	Reference
Non-smoking women using woodstoves, Peru	332	2.63	This study
Other studies on populations exposed to wood smoke
Non-smoking women with old woodstoves without chimney, Peru	57	3.2	Li et al. (2011)
Non-smoking women with chimney-equipped woodstove, Peru	57	2.5	Li et al. (2011)
Non-smoking women with indoor open-fire woodstoves, Afghanistan	15	3.82	Hemat et al. (2012)
Adults using 3-stone woodstoves, Burundi	18	2.89a	Viau et al. (2000)
Non-smoking women using indoor open-fire woodstoves, Mexico	38	2.44	Pruneda-Alvarez et al. (2012)
Non-smoking women with biomass as primary energy source, Mexico	50	0.79	Pruneda-Alvarez et al. (2016)
Non-smoking women using wood as the sole energy source, Mexico	30	0.25	Ruiz-Vera et al. (2014)
Non-smoking women using indoor open-fire woodstoves, Mexico	40	0.89c	Ruiz-Vera et al. (2015)
Non-smoking workers exposed to rubber wood smoke, Thailand	41	2.04c	Choosong et al. (2014)
Charcoal workers exposed to wood smoke, Brazil	100	0.25a	Kato et al. (2004)
Children and adults, pre–/post-stove intervention, Mexico	20	13/9.3a	Torres-Dosal et al. (2008)
Children in households with biomass as primary energy source, Mexico	105	6.27c	Martinez-Salinas et al. (2010)
Children in households with coal stove, Poland	194	1.09b	Siwinska et al. (1999)
Reference levels from national surveys
U.S. adult population (≥20 years)	2485	0.11	CDC (2015)
U.S. adult smokers	889	0.27	CDC (2015)
Canadian population (3–79 years)	2412	0.09	Health Canada (2015)
German adult population (18–69 years)	573	0.10	Becker et al. (2003)
German adult smokers (18–69 years)	184	0.31	Becker et al. (2003)

^ageometric mean;

^bleast square geometric mean;

^cmean concentration.